Mark Naison, professor of African-American studies and history at Fordham University, suggests nine questions that need to be answered before evaluating the legacy of the Obama-Duncan Race to the Top:

 

How many schools were closed?

 
How many great teachers were fired or forced into retirement?

 
How many teachers still on the job were placed under a doctors care because test based accountability had destroyed their self-confidence?

 
How many communities experienced sharp declines in the number of teachers of color working in their schools?

 
How many new charter schools were created which were embroiled in controversy because of financial irregularities or abusive practices?

 
How many lucrative contracts were extended to test companies and consulting firms?

 
How many students were deprived of recess, physical education and the arts because they were forced to prepare for tests?

 
How many special needs or ELL students were unable to graduate because requirements were suddenly raised?

 
How many families with young children were filled with stress because testing had taken over their lives?

 

 

And finally, was the collateral damage to children, families, communities, and schools greater than any test score gains?