As a young person and a Jew, I swore I would never visit Germany. Growing up in Houston in the late 1940s and early 1950s, I occasionally met people who had a blue number tattooed on their arm, a legacy of their time in a Nazi concentration camp. I learned about the Holocaust at religious school, not public school. With my knowledge of the Holocaust, I was determined to avoid the nation that sought to eliminate the Jews of Europe. I was fortunate that my father’s parents came to America from Poland in the 19th century, and my mother arrived from Bessarabia after World War 1. Every member of their families who remained in Europe was slaughtered. Not one survived.
In 1984, I received an invitation from the State Department to visit West Germany and Yugoslavia to speak about education. I decided to go. It was a fascinating trip, and I overcame my phobia about visiting Germany.
Years later, after the Wall had come down, I went to Germany as a tourist with my partner and our Brooklyn neighbors. The wife, an emergency room nurse, was born in Germany, and is one of the kindest people I know. For the first time, I saw Germany as a vibrant and thriving nation. I visited the Holocaust Museum in Berlin and saw the honesty with which Germany was confronting its past. Every town we visited had its memorials to those who had perished because of Hitler’s genocide.
A few days ago, I was again in Berlin. Frankly, I fell in love with Berlin. The German people acknowledge the horrors of their past. They don’t sugar coat it. Their contrition is impossible to ignore. There are memorials scattered across the city to those who were unjustly murdered—Jews, Roma, homosexuals, and others.
Right near our hotel was a field of 2,711 stelae of different sizes that looked like coffins. We stopped to view the site where Hitler’s bunker once existed. It’s now just blank ground with a large marker explaining what it was. It was where Hitler and Eva Braun married, knowing all was lost. She killed herself. Hitler killed himself. When the Soviets entered Berlin, they totally destroyed the bunker.
Several readers corrected my statement that Hermann Göring and his wife and children died in the bunker. They are right. It was Joseph Goebbels and his family who committed suicide in the bunker. Göring committed suicide in Nuremberg the night before he was to be executed by hanging.
As the war drew to a close and Nazi Germany faced defeat, Magda Goebbels and the Goebbels children joined Hitler in Berlin. They moved into the underground Vorbunker, part of Hitler’s underground bunker complex, on 22 April 1945. Hitler committed suicide on 30 April. In accordance with Hitler’s will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany; he served one day in this post. The following day, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide, after having poisoned their six children with a cyanide compound. (Wikipedia)
On our last day in Berlin, we intended to go to the museum of the Stasi, the secret police that monitored every East German’s life. But we decided instead to visit the memorial center of the German resistance.
The museum tells the story of Germans who opposed the rise of Hitler in the 1930s, who worked against him during the war years, who anticipated that he would destroy Germany’s struggling democracy, and who worked to end his brutal tyranny. There were stories of opposition to Hitler by trade unionists and Communists, by Jews and Catholics and Protestants. The museum identified religious leaders, scholars, scientists, educators, students, social workers, and others who worked against Hitler. Most were killed. It went into great detail about the failed assassination attempt by leading German officers on July 20, 1944. All of them were murdered.
My partner, a former teacher of history and social studies, wondered why Holocaust studies in the schools do not tell their stories. In some sick way, the constant focus on bodies and atrocities was not having its intended effect; it was desensitizing the students to cruelty and inhumanity.
Of course, the brutality must be shown and remembered. But why not make resistance to evil the centerpiece? Why not focus on courage and heroism in the face of overwhelming force? Why not tell the story of Georg Esler, the German carpenter who tried to assassinate Hitler in 1939? Or the story of the White Rose Society, the college students who bravely distributed flyers about Nazi atrocities in 1942-43, who were captured and executed? They should be celebrated for their courage and conviction.
Meanwhile, back home, our own nation is convulsed by battles about teaching the past. Some insist on whitewashing history because the truth might make young people “uncomfortable.”We see the rising influence of groups like “Moms for Liberty,” who demand censorship and oppose honest teaching of the past and the present. They have a right to speak, but they should not have the right to impose their bigotry and intolerance on others. Moms for Liberty should learn from Germany about the importance of teaching truth.
If you visit Berlin, don’t miss this tribute to the resistance.

I’m reluctant to correct my betters (of which Diane is certainly one), but it was the monstrous Goebbels family, not the execrable Goerings, whose demise she describes at the bunker.
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William, you are right. It was Goebbels and his family who committed suicide in Hitler’s bunker. I corrected the post.
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Yes, it was Goebbels, his wife, and his children.
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Goring, the sick, perverted coward, swallowed cyanide rather than face the punishment for his crimes.
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William,
Were there any views about Jews being messaged by the religionists that Joseph Goebbels would have been exposed to growing up?
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Hitler hated religion and the Catholics in particular. Three Catholic priests were among those killed on the Night of the Long Knives. Goebbels was raised Catholic but repudiated Catholicism and religion generally as an adult, though he sought to make a religion of worship of Hitler. Both men kept up nominal support for Christianity, however, in public in order not to alienate believers. Here’s Goebbels writing in his diary in 1941:
“[Hitler] hates Christianity because it has crippled all that is noble in humanity. . . . What a difference between the benevolent, smiling Zeus and the pain-wracked, crucified Christ.”
and again in the same year:
“The Fuehrer. . . . forbids me to leave the church. For tactical reasons. And so for a decade now I have paid my church taxes to support such rubbish. That is what hurts the most.”
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Like Trump, Goebbels and Hitler were nonbelievers who were quite willing to coopt religious language for their own purposes. Goebbels was, ofc, the Propaganda Minister of the Third Reich at a time when the concept and practice of propaganda was the BIG NEW THING (see the book Propaganda by Bernays). Goebbels’s self-imposed primary job duty was to make Hitler himself a figure of national worship.
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It was Josef Goebbels and his wife Magda whp committed suicide and murdered their six children with Hitler in the bunker. Herman Goering committed suicide the night after he was sentenced to be hanged at Nuremberg by swallowing cyanide.
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Greg, you are right. I corrected the post.
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A school system dedicated to teaching democratic participation and rooted in respect for human rights would embrace students learning about resistance to oppression. The post-war Germans–at least enough of them–embraced the necessity of discomfort in order to ensure a different future. In contrast, today’s book- and history-banners want to preserve current injustices.
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And teachers of conscience must disobey these people. This is a moral imperative.
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History is not something to be changed to fit a preconceived narrative. It is something to learn from and move people forward so they do not repeat past mistakes and injustice.
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Fantastic!
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Wonderful, Diane.
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Diane, thank you for sharing many parts of your trip with us.
I was born and raised in Germany soon after WWll. I’m very familiar with the curriculum of teaching the TRUTH to my generation, students were excused from school to stay home and watch LIVE the Adolf Eichmann trials in April 1961 from Israel, learning about my own families efforts of resistance and refusal to serve and hiding out, visiting cemeteries and also the German Resistance Memorial Museum several times in Berlin. I have contributed to the Simon Wiesenthal Center for years – in honor of Simon Wiesenthal, the Nazi Hunter.
My grandparents were custodians of a temple and a Yeshiva in a small town of Adelebsen, a town of mostly Jewish families. On Kristallnacht, the temple was burned to the ground, the school building remained and my grandparents were allowed to continue to live in the building. For years the NAZIS monitored them, but never discovered several neighbors and my father hiding in the attic until the end of the war.
My other grandmother was forced to be a train ticket puncher on trains from Berlin to Marseille- having to leave her children alone at home. She was killed in a bomb attack along one trip to Marseille. My grandfather died on the Russian Front.
The Evil of Fascism, the horror of the Holocaust and also for those surviving the NAZIS left scars forever. My childhood was made up of playing among ruins, playing hide & seek in filthy air raid shelters – it was absolutely everywhere.
As an educator, after immigrating to the US, I researched, translated and published articles about Germany’s history and treatment of people with disabilities – the participation and systemic annihilation during the Holocaust.
Most people cannot imagine the horror of living through and hopefully surviving wars.
Diane, thanks for reporting about your trip. One thing we may learn from our problems in the US right now, if we’re not paying attention, EVIL can happen here too.
Teaching TRUTHFUL HISTORY is painful, but absolutely necessary.
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Thank you, Ms. Hurley!
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Diane, I have dear friends whose families lost most family members during the Holocaust, their few survivors left Germany as soon as they could, the lucky ones, and entered the US, Israel or the Scandinavian countries, after WWll. They all promised to never set foot in Germany again. NEVER!
As a German I understood this without questions or hesitation. Why would they? I’ve never tried to persuade them. Why would they go to Germany? A couple did go to see their family homes and a concentration camp. Too much to bare!
Although, my family didn’t participate directly, but the shame and responsibility of the unthinkable atrocities committed, the racism and the Holocaust is ours (Germans) to bare, to know the facts, accept the EVIL, seeing signs of it at any time – we must resist, speak out, and spend our lives teaching and alerting others if the conditions appear, no matter the risk.
It’s the humanity we must preserve and stand up for immediately, loud and clear, and sound all the alarms. #NeverAgain is a heavy and serious reminder to Germans of all generations, too – forever.
Diane, Thank you again – I’m glad you had a wonderful and informative trip.
Hanna
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Hanna, my partner is German. Her parents came to the US during the Weimar years. But she has the feelings you describe. Her family were called Nazis during the war, even though they were patriotic Americans.
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The following comment may be better aligned with the Leonard Leo blog post (he has $1.6 bil. to spend to advance and execute a narrative).
Or, possibly it is better in this thread.
Btw- as a side note, historian David Kertzer has documented the demonization of Jews in Europe by the Catholic Church leading up to the Holocaust.
In 2023, we witness the general public’s surprise at the level of anti-Israel activities at some Ivy League universities. Of particular note is media coverage about the unusual, reticent and delayed response of leaders at UPenn. If the President of UPenn attended Catholic schools and was raised in a Catholic family in the insular Dakotas would it be worthy of note or, mere conspiracy theory?
Off topic, at UPenn there is an organization of 1100 faculty and staff trying to get the school to give money to fund public schools since, as a non-profit, the school avoids property taxes (which fund schools). I’m curious how much support the organization will get from Mary Elizabeth Magill who attended Catholic schools.
Also off topic but, about Pennsylvania, Mother Jones posted about (Sept/Oct, 2023, “She’s a Prophet. She’s a Theocrat. She’s the most powerful lobbyist you’ve never hear of’), a politicized Christian who every Monday conducts a guided tour of the Pa. capitol called the Sacred Challenge Tour. The MJ article describes the 2017 playbook, Project Blitz. It’s worth reading about the Blitz’ 3- pronged campaign. One of those mentioned in the article is Penn. state representative but, foremost a Christian, Stephanie Borowicz. She’s in the news because she cited the Bible in explaining her vote against legislation. Four years ago, the Pennsylvania Catholic Conference wrote on Facebook, Borowicz “has been a good friend to the Pennsylvania Catholic Conference.”
Pennsylvania will be a major determinant if Trump is reelected in 2024.
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Why does frost gather on car windows in the winter? Catholics. Why do rabbits eat one’s cucumbers? Catholics. What causes bunions? Catholics. Why do you have to change the oil filter in your car? Catholics. Trying to save you some trouble, Linda. Let’s just agree that every problem in the universe is due to Catholics in some way. The glitch that put the James Webb telescope into Safe Mode? Must have been a Catholic programmer. I’m thinking I would like some tea, but the kettle’s not on. Darned Catholics.
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Bob,
There you go being logical again.
I used to think the cause of all problems was CRT.
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They must be working in cahoots!!!
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Bob and Diane,
O.K., put the nation’s eggs in your basket.
I presume the Pope (this one, not the ones during the time of Mussolini and Hitler) is being a false alarmist when he expresses concern about politicized, right wing Catholics.
Presumably, Jefferson wouldn’t feel vindicated in his, “in all countries, in all times”, warning, despite Dark Money’s Koch.
And, David Kertzer’s research may have historical interest but, it’s not indicative of much else.
We can agree, the above premises, pretty much describe the country’s reactions which are like yours?
The loss of reproductive rights, the attacks against gays, the rise in anti-Semitism, tax dollars for religious schools, religious employers exempted from civil rights employment law, capitalism without guardrails, etc. they could be a bit tethered to a religious sect i.e. Christian nationalists but, more likely a series of events advanced by billionaires who are greedy for money.
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Excellent point, Linda, about the Pope’s sounding the alarm about extremists in the Catholic church in America! He’s right about that, ofc, and so are you. But what is true of extremists is not true of everyone.
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Linda, neither Diane nor I let the church off the hook when it or its followers behave badly. Just YESTERDAY, Diane posted a piece critical of Leonard Leo and the Catholic supermajority on the Supreme Court. I have written often here and elsewhere of the rivers of blood that the church left throughout history in its pursuit of heretics and appropriation of the resources of pagans. What we don’t do is turn every conceivable topic that comes up into a discussion of how bad Catholics and Catholicism are. That’s because we know that it’s a mixed bag. The current Pope is a mensch. It is one thing to talk about “extremist right-wing persons identifying as Catholic” and another to talk about Catholics IN GENERAL or to go on and on and on constantly about this bad Catholic and that bad Catholic and bad Catholic this and bad Catholic that. This is WAY over the top. And distorting.
Btw, you mean assume, not presume. It’s a complicated distinction. Basically, presume means either that you are assigning a value of true to a proposition based on certain, definitive, or universally applicable knowledge (e.g., “When handling pure oxygen, there should always be a presumption that it is extremely flammable.”) or that someone is acting in an overly bold or impudent manner (“How dare you presume to address me as ‘My friend,’ said Icabod to his pupil”). In law, of course, presume has a different meaning, which is a tentative conclusion pending evidence (e.g., “presumed innocent”). Assume is neutral. It means that you have come to a prior conclusion.
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There are good people and bad people in every religion. What I find most upsets me is when people try to impose their religious beliefs on others by making them laws, e.g. abortion and vouchers. The extremes in almost every religion are overzealous and believe that their way is the only way.
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Got it. Many huge, global, corporate law firms (e.g. Jones Day) offer pro bono services to the organizations of specific religious sects. And, it is commonplace for a religious sect’s organizations to rank about 3rd in the nation in terms of number of employees.
Many law firms offering similar pro bono services have lawyers on payroll who run in states for Governor on the Republican ticket (e.g. Pennsylvania), having never held public office before. And, many of those lawyers turned politicians have supporters who write opinion pieces telling their fellow citizens that the lawyers “nurtured Christian schools.”
And, we could throw a stick at the number of law firms that get a dozen lawyers they employ placed in the one-term administration of a Republican president.
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All of which goes to show that Catholics and Catholicism are the root of ALL evil. I noticed a bit ago that I am out of tomatoes. The Catholics must have eaten them. I also noticed a typo in one of my posts. Must be some Catholics who work for WordPress, messing with the comments. Probably in the employ of some Catholic law firm running the international Catholic Conspiracy to CONTROL OUR PRECIOUS BODY FLUIDS!!!! Are they working with the shape-shifting aliens from Alpha Draconis with the spaceport under the Vatican? Scary stuff.
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The irony of all this, Linda, is that Catholicism in the United States and religious belief generally are both in precipitous decline. When I taught in a Catholic school, years ago, among nuns who were among the most generous and noble people I’ve ever met, almost all the teachers were nuns or priests. I was an exception. Today, the number of people taking Catholic religious vocations is abysmally, historically low. So is church attendance, which tends to be, these days, almost exclusively elderly people.
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As with other religious groups in the US, we have, now, a lot of people who are nominally Catholic–culturally Catholic, but not people who, say, believe in virgin births and hell and papal infallibility or go to daily mass or any of that stuff. On any given Sunday in the US today, the Catholic churches are mostly empty.
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Teaching about the Nazi Holocaust in Germany has become more controversial in recent years.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/04/germany-far-right-holocaust-education-survivors/586357/
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Putin is a brutal monster. His regime is doing the same things Hitler’s Third Reich did in Germany to crush all resistance.
Who praises Putin?
Traitor Trump
In February 2022, Traitor Trump described Russian President Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine as “genius” and “savvy.”
In September 2023, Traitor Trump said that he appreciated recent praise from Russian leader Vladimir Putin.
This is just a sample of Traitor Trump’s worship and praise of Brutal Putin.
And who is loyal to and worships Traitor Trump?
Millions of fascist loving MAGA lunatics.
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Thank you, thank you so much for acknowledging that countries can re-think their actions. This is the perfect illustration of Heather Cox Richardson’s new book which also encourages us to believe in the inherent goodness of a genuinely democratic society. BTW, my experience, traveling in Germany was the same as yours: https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/opinion-how-do-german-schools-teach-about-political-history-and-human-dignity/2016/11
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Nancy,
I conclude that leadership is crucial. Hitler brought out the worst in everyone. Germany and Austria had very successful Jewish communities before the Nazis. Bad leaders encourage the worst human instincts.
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“All of them were murdered.”
The takeaway is that there is a tipping point that, if missed, becomes fatal. Identify the enemy early and, marshal resistance before the majority falls to demagogues?
The controversy about Israel and Hamas- Marc Rowan alleges that Jewish members of the boards at UPenn were asked to resign. The Chair of UPenn’s board refutes the claim. Whether the claim is proven true or false, the charge elevates to importance what the religious sects of the Board of Trustees are. Mother Jones warned, “Christian nationalists are closer than you think to running America” (Sept/Oct. 2022).
The nation’s senators avoided religious sect info in confirmation hearings and the nation, now, has at its highest court, conservative religionist jurists who deliver verdicts against separation of church and state.
For twenty years (Dec. 14, 1999, Akron Beacon Journal, “Whose choice? How school choice began in Ohio”), Catholics have successfully plotted in states, in concerted effort including lobbyists, to get tax dollars for religious schools. Public school board meetings have become centers of division where the right wingers are funded by despots. Remember Jefferson’s warning, in every age, in every country.
Taxpayers have made Catholic organizations the nation’s 3rd largest employer.
The tipping point, yet to come or already reached?
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