Chris Cotton teaches high school English in Ohio. He posted it on the Facebook page of NE Ohio Educators and given permission to post it here.
He writes:
Harnessing Student Anger on Ohio’s EOC Tests
I’ve been working on my preparations for next year. I teach English to a class of remedial-level sophomores who are several years behind in reading level. I’ve been banging my head against a brick wall trying to figure out how to prepare them for Ohio’s EOC (End-Of-Course) tests. My first feeling is that I can’t prepare them. It’s simply not possible.
I also teach AP seniors, and parts of these tests (ELA I for freshmen and ELA II for sophomores) would be very difficult for those students. In fact, most educated adults would struggle. I struggled with them myself.
I’ll give a little sample from the one (and there’s only one) released ELA I test on the Ohio Dept. of Ed. website. This test for freshmen asks the students to compare two passages: one from King Lear, and one from Shakespeare’s source material, written 40-50 years earlier.
In freshman English it’s traditional to teach one Shakespeare play (usually Romeo and Juliet). But that comes, even in honors classes, with a great deal of teacher support and scaffolding.
I read King Lear in a college literature class, and it was a challenge then, even with a textbook that had at least five times as many explanatory notes as the ELA test. Here is an example of lines that have no explanatory notes on the test:
“Of all these bounds, even from this line to this,
With shadowy forests and with champains rich’d,
With plenteous rivers and wide-skirted meads,
We make thee lady. To thine and Albany’s issue
Be this perpetual.”
Imagine seeing this on a high-stakes test if you’re a student reading at fourth grade level. There isn’t even a note saying that Lear is pointing at a map (“this line to this”). How many adults could tell you what “champains” are, or “wide-skirted meads”? There’s inverted sentence order, archaic pronouns, apostrophes that look like typos. “Albany” is a person, not a city, with an “issue” of some sort.
We are deliberately inflicting pain on young people. I know my kids, and I know they will feel humiliation when they begin this test. Many of my kids believe that the world and school especially are out to get them. A test like this is confirmation. Most of them will simply give up after reading the first line of the passage. It’s too painful.
So, I’m trying to figure out a way to prepare my students to not give up at the outset. They need to do as well as they can, due to the “point system” we have in Ohio for graduation. In one course, I can’t teach them all the material covered by this “end-of-course” test (because that’s impossible). I don’t even think I can “teach to the test.” No, what I have to do is teach against the test.
A lot of my students have a great deal of anger, much of it directed at school (sometimes for fair reasons). How can I work with that anger, so it doesn’t lead to self-destructive capitulation, but instead to energy for getting as many points as possible.
So I’m pulling together a unit of some sort predicated on the fact that these tests are a scam. If I can validate their anger, could I then redirect it in a direction that helps them?
I have a few questions for the other teachers on this site:
What do you think of this basic idea? Is it crazy?
Is there any text or materials you would suggest for reading?
I’d like to show a movie as part of the unit. I know there are many on the topic, is there one you’d recommend?
Thank you very much,
Chris Cotton

Not on topic: Here is a court case, on which you and I can agree. There is a case coming up in California. “Ella T. v. California” , in which children in lower-performing schools are suing for being denied the right of literacy.
There is a school in California, in which only one(1) fourth grade student in the entire school can read at grade level.
The Supreme Court (USA) has ruled that there is no right to an education.
A Michigan case “Gary B. v. Snyder” was dismissed by a federal judge, also claiming that there is no right to literacy.
I hope that the Ella T v. California case can make it to the Supreme Court, and that Rodriguez v. San Antonio Independent schools (1973), can be reversed.
I suggest that you research this case, and start a topic here.
see
http://www.publiccounsel.org/stories?id=0240
https://www.mofo.com/resources/press-releases/171205-california-literacy-crisis.html
How can an enlightened society, in a high-tech world, claim that there is no right to literacy?
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I agree that all children have the right to a sound education.
It is not in the Constitution but it is a matter of common sense, as no other of the rights that we are assured in the Constitution make sense (eg, freedom of the press) without literacy.
The Founders assumed some things. This was one of them.
Charles, why don’t you visit that school and see what is happening?
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I live in suburban WashDC. The school is in California. I am unable to get permission to visit a public school in Fairfax County! No California school will permit a private citizen to visit their school. And travel to California is out of the question for me.
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Don’t repeat things when you have idea what you are talking about.
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Good advice, which I will heed. As to the California case: As usual poor children ,and children of color, get the shaft!
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Yes, poor children get the shaft, not because of their dedicated teachers, who are working long hours for low pay, but because their schools are underfunded, and charters divert funding from them.
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dianeravitch I was thinking today how much the charter school movement resembles the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. The basic idea is that education is separate but equal? CBK
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CBK,
I have said that for a long time. Charters are turning our schools into a dual system. One system takes all kids at any time in the year and must be financially transparent and accountable. Charters take only the kids they want, push out those they don’t want, and are neither transparent nor accountable.
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I think you’re mistaken, Charles. I’ve never heard of a public school where people can’t come in. You have to do a few things because of safety these days, like checking in at the office and getting an ID badge, and you may have to make an appointment, because strange adults can’t just be wandering the halls these days. If you just wander into a public school saying you’re a citizen on an inspection or something, you may get some weird looks. Probably happened with you.
You probably tried one school in Fairfax Co. (if that) and made generalizations for every school. As for California, I cannot find ANY reference in law to what you’re arguing (that no one can go into public schools).
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Check out the actual complaint. see
Click to access 171205-ellla-t-v-california-complaint.pdf
About 12 of the worst performing school districts in the USA are in California.
I find it incredulous, that a high-tech state like California, with their excellent state university system, could let their K-12 schools get so bad.
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“mofo.com???” I have taught in an alternative setting, and that is one interesting acronym for a website. You never told me WHERE you got the idea that schools won’t allow the public in.
Also, those 12 “worst school districts?” Probably very high poverty.
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@ TOW: Q I’ve never heard of a public school where people can’t come in END Q
I contacted about 6 middle and high schools in Fairfax and Loudoun Counties in Virginia. I asked for permission to observe a class in progress. I offered to deliver a talk to a French Class about life in Paris. I offered to speak to a social studies class about the ten years I spent in Iraq/Afghanistan, and the global war on terror. I offered to speak to an after-school engineering club, about STEM careers.
ALL of the public schools refused to permit me to enter any of their schools when students were present. NONE of the schools were interested in having me address their after-school clubs. One(1) school offered to show me around the empty building, after everyone had left. I posted the refusal e-mails on this site.
I cannot be certain about what the policies are in California. But, with the recent spate of school shootings, I can imagine that their security is high. I cannot travel to California, so the point is moot.
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Maybe it is something about you.
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@ TOW: Q Also, those 12 “worst school districts?” Probably very high poverty. END Q
Check out the list. It includes Los Angeles Unified School district, our nation’s second largest city. Also on the list is Anaheim, Orange County, a very affluent area. Rochester NY, tops the list of shame. Since Kodak pulled out, the city is a ghost town.
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You just hit the nail on the head, Charles. “Since Kodak pulled out [of Rochester], the city is a ghost town.”
Please don’t blame low scores on schools. Schools reflect the SES of families. They can’t cure the deindustrialization of rust belt cities like Detroit. They do their best in difficult circumstances.
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I concede that Rochester, NY has severe economic problems. With their tax base gone, the funding going to the publicly-operated school system has collapsed. But where is the state of New York? There should be “contingency funding” to help a public school system, when their tax base is gone. I think that the feds should have a “lifeboat” fund, to assist communities, when a disaster like that hits.
And how can Los Angeles, and Anaheim California claim economic distress. Orange County California, is one of the wealthiest communities in the state!
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Knowing that the tests are completely invalid and using the results of said tests for anything is “vain and illusory” (as per Wilson) perhaps the best thing you can do for your students is to refuse to administer the tests. And then get on teaching the way you know how to teach as to “teach to the test” is unethical, immoral and downright harms all students.
There, problem solved.
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Real story…
I know a student whose mother opted her out of those awful tests. During testing, this terrific single mother became sick and had to go into the hospital. The daughter stayed with a neighbor. This high school sophomore was FORCED to take the high stakes tests. She was even put in a FISHBOWL when MADE to DO the parts of the exam she missed. In protest, this bright student bubbled in ALL the D’s. Guess what her score was? Answer: PROFICIENT. That is how valid those tests are.
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the deepest irony: bubble in only one answer and “statistically” you are likely to pass, and then you and your teacher may be lauded as “good”
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Beautiful vision of teachers across the nation not only striking, but uniting to NOT administer these elitist-empowering, population-dividing “standardized” tests: I remember well one year in our 98% non-White and mostly poor student school when a social studies teacher stood up at a meeting and explained very succinctly how the tests were going to be used against our school, and that the act of administering the tests was racist — and only minutes later the administrator in charge of NCLB testing was then standing in front of everyone explaining adamantly how the tests WOULD BE delivered and WOULD BE proctored…
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For an individual teacher To refuse to administer such a test would be asking to get fired. In OR or WA state, a large group of teachers did refuse, unanimously, and won. However, that’s sort of refusal is harder these days because they are given online in a computer lab; I think only administrators and aides are needed.
Btw it can indeed be quite difficult for members of the public to come in and observe classes. (Even volunteer tutors can be spurned & ignored, even if they have been fingerprinted & received police clearances and passed TB tests.) If you say you are a prospective parent, then doors tend to get opened.
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Hello GF Brandenburg,
Thanks for your comments and your writing about education. I’ve read your blog and essays from time to time and always appreciate them. I wonder if you know about “Say Yes to Education”? They appear to be coming to Cleveland in a big way. Or do you know where I would look to find out more?
Thanks!
Chris
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I only know what I’ve read about such programs, nothing direct. Very important to provide real,concrete and useful supports to the kids— and it’s not cheap. And it’s what we should be providing to disadvantaged youth all over the nation, and the world. But we don’t: instead we ignore them or lock them up
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It would be desirable if more teachers like you would speak up for their students. Shakespear may be taught in school, but must not be part of high stakes tests. Test makers ponder all day long how they can make tests so difficult that the test data spread widely enough for their statistic programs. Nothing else counts for them. They seem not to ponder at all about the life ahead of our students: Will students need to use the outdated language of King Lear somewhere, somewhen to complete their education, to find a job, to find a partner, to console themselves when they are ill?
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I know this post is about the EOY tests, but let me just tell you about the English tests that my children take during the school year. We are a full on CC/PARC district in MD. Teachers don’t develop their own classroom tests in any grade….the county does and the teachers pull it off the main frame (cookie cutter education is what I call it). My daughter was having trouble with the English tests in 9th grade GT English….she just couldn’t get a decent grade on the tests yet everything else was fine. I went to the parent/teacher conference and had a discussion with the teacher. She told me to have my daughter read the question/answer section at the back of SparkNotes and Smoops for help. The next test came along and word for word, were the same exact questions from SparkNotes and Smoops. This is our “world class education system” and the reason that people want to move into Howard County, MD? And what’s worse is that the teachers go along with it and they just don’t seem to care.
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Like almost everything else, this game is rigged. But when they rig the game against children, the phrase child abuse is no exaggeration. Too bad you can’t get some pro bono help down there in MD.
Did you ask her teacher why she didn’t give this “test prep” advice to her daughter prior to taking these tests?
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I think the teacher did “suggest” to the whole class. My daughter knew how I felt about things like CliffNotes and the cheating that can come from it, so she made a moral decision. When I gave the OK after the teacher suggestion, my daughter complied. Little did I know that I gave the OK to cheat as well. Child #2 will be attending private HS next year due to all the shady activity. It was an eye opening experience for my daughter to know that a trusted adult in her life was promoting cheating.
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The pressures on some teachers is enormous to produce test score improvements. Some teachers are just trying to level the playing field. Any test that includes items copy and pasted from Spark Notes or Scoops is the product of intellectual laziness/expediency. If I was the teacher, I would find this practice completely unprofessional and would have no qualms revealing this dirty little secret in order to expose the hypocrisy.
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This sounds like more teacher bashing to me. No wonder teachers are demoralized. It isn’t enough that teachers are bullied and threatened by the administrators who in turn are under extreme pressure from the district and the state to pump those scores up.
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Not teacher bashing at all. Our teachers in HoCO make very good money for their services. Too bad their services (especially at the HS level) are to aid and abet children to cheat so that test scores look good…so that the the high schools can promote AP classes for all and the county can boast it’s world class education system as rated by US News and World (based on AP test scores and how many take AP classes). It’s all a sham and the teachers at the HS level are paid more because they teach AP classes. It’s not teacher bashing when it’s the truth.
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What’s NOT outdated in Shakespeare’s plays is “behind” the specific language and is what makes his and other classic works universally relevant. A good teacher can show the student how to peer through the old language to recognize their own and others’ both flawed and transcendent human situation, and to help them understand why that’s worthwhile to do, and why all “classical literature” is indeed classical.
THAT lesson of universal resonance, and not the specific language of the play, is what carries through in the qualified education of the student. Of course specifics count. But it’s also the same with music or philosophy or anything else that happens to be taught in the humanities and liberal (liberating) education. As example, we can ask what place metaphor played in Einsteinian insights?
And testing is needed in some regard, but is irrelevant and even harmful if the test-makers are ignorant of basic educational principles, their implementation, and the history they live in. How sadly misguided this whole thing is. CBK
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I agree with you. Taking some random passage from Shakespeare (and Lear, no less) and handing it to a freshman is ludicrous. I LOVE “King Lear,” and “Othello,” and “Hamlet,” etc., but when I go to the Utah Shakespearean Festival (Tony Award for best regional theater!), I always read the entire play first. Then, I see the play, and then I truly understand. PLUS, the festival has pre- and post-play discussions, and acting, directing, and costume seminars (all free!). These freshmen don’t have that luxury.
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Threatened Out West Yes–the better the context, the more the allusions and metaphors will mean to the reader. Without the context, the text itself is like reading a foreign language that you have no knowledge of. CBK
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Before I recently saw a top-not h professional production of Hamlet here in DC, I first read a modern-English translation of the play. It made all the difference.
I can read Descartes in French, or a newspaper in Spanish, with greater understanding than I can read Shakespeare (without notes or dictionary in all three cases).
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Chris Cotton…finally someone who gets it…
Sent from my iPad
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Not on topic: Here is a court case, on which you and I can agree. There is a case coming up in California. “Ella T. v. California” , in which children in lower-performing schools are suing for being denied the right of literacy.
There is a school in California, in which only one(1) fourth grade student in the entire school can read at grade level.
The Supreme Court (USA) has ruled that there is no right to an education.
A Michigan case “Gary B. v. Snyder” was dismissed by a federal judge, also claiming that there is no right to literacy.
I hope that the Ella T v. California case can make it to the Supreme Court, and that Rodriguez v. San Antonio Independent schools (1973), can be reversed.
I suggest that you research this case, and start a topic here.
see
http://www.publiccounsel.org/stories?id=0240
https://www.mofo.com/resources/press-releases/171205-california-literacy-crisis.html
How can an enlightened society, in a high-tech world, claim that there is no right to literacy?
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High stakes test scores are largely determined by the customer, in this case, the Ohio Department of Education (The standards used to develop these tests factor in as well).
Test developers do not produce these “academic death traps” by mistake; they are delivering tests based either on, a desire to produce hyper-failure rates, or based on some misguided notion of “rigor” or “higher order, critical thinking skills”. They need to stop conflating the learning habits of highly educated, adult professionals with that of young children and adolescents who have little reason to remember the details of all they have been taught. Read “Why Don’t Students Like School” by Danial Willingham to better understand the ‘student-school-learning’ dynamic.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/freedom-learn/200909/why-don-t-students-school-well-duhhhh
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Good article! Yes….my 2nd child absolutely hates school and refers to it as prison…he’s a boy. He is a bright child but is unwilling to learn in our public school environment. He will be going to an all boy’s school for HS. I know it won’t be perfect, but what I have heard from numerous parents and former parents of this school is that they pay a great amount of attention to “how” boys learn best. There is no standardized testing for the state, so there is no need to brow beat boys into mindless test prep curriculum. They learn, they do active community service, most go to college and many return to give back to the school community.
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I apologize for the length of this comment, but I posted this at Oped news, after a comment from the publisher dealing with the misinformation being disseminated out there. https://www.opednews.com/articles/Regarding-Trump-Derangemen-by-Rob-Kall-Gaslighting_Liberals_Trump-Apologists_Trump-Dangerous-180722-526.html#comment708179
I posted an earlier comment there where I spoke about the MEDDLING in our democracy by disseminating false ‘controversy’ and lies, so I went on to demonstrate how ‘pundits’ like David Leonhardt do that about education and ‘Reform’
I point to Diane’s wonderful blog!”
Here is what I wrote: (there are embedded links BACK TO DIANE’S BLOG…THAT DO NOT APPEAR WHEN I COPY THINGS HERE… AGGH!
MY comment>>>
“And one more thing that relates to all the ‘controversies’ by talking heads and ‘pundits’ in the public square of the new-media…that are confusing our already ignorant and uninformed citizens! I am very busy these days watching and reporting on the same kind of misinformation campaign used to create a ‘controversy’ about public schools vs charter schools, — which are NOT BTW public schools (as David Leonhardt says) -they just use public money with no accountability or oversight.
“David Leonhardt gives us a real example of how ‘disinformation’ offered as ‘insight’ to the controversy he creates: “A Plea for a Fact-Based Debate About Charter Schools” https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/opinion/education-reform-charter-schools-new-orleans.html
“I read his propaganda, even as I follow (and post here at OEN) the FACTS, from the blog of Diane Ravitch- -former Assistant SECRETARY OF STATE , who is a research professor of education at New York University and the co-founder of the Network for Public Education, a grassroots advocacy organization.
“Leonhardt asks and answers with a lie! “Which side should you believe? Neither. I realize that the political left has a closer connection to reality than the right on many current issues… but education reform is different. On it, the much-mocked cliche’ that both sides are to blame happens to be true.”
Oh David— you tell readers at th NY Times NOT to believe Diane? For Shame! NO, it is not just becasue YOU say it — and you dislike the response that authentic education ‘watcher’ Diane Ravitch, posted her response to your promotion of charter schools.
“While David acknowledges that “extreme reformers like Education Secretary Betsy DeVos — have willfully ignored the fact that unregulated, anything-goes school choice keeps failing, Leonhardt does not acknowledge when Diane Ravitch and the NPE offer the observable reality and the facts!
“In fact he states as fact that: ‘The harshest critics of reform, meanwhile, do their own fact-twisting. They wave away reams of rigorous research on the academic gains in New Orleans, Boston, Washington, New York, Chicago and other cities, in favor of one or two cherry-picked discouraging statistics. It’s classic whataboutism.’ ”
“No, David what you are doing is cherrypicking, and in fact, Diane has analyzed the reams of data every day for the past 6 years, on her blog, in posts like this ,offers the reality of the ongoing fraud in New Orleans devastation and other states, like Indiana: The Damage Done to Public Schools by Privatization by dianeravitch. “Darcie Cimarusti writes in Valerie Strauss’s Answer Sheet about the calculated devastation done to Indiana’s once-great public schools by privatizers !The Indianapolis story is especially sad, because the privatization movement was bipartisan. Democrats joined in the plunder with Republicans.”
“Finally, in his cherry-picking, Leonhardt fails to offer the real insights that the grunt on the line would provide — that of the professional, educated, authentic, experienced TEACHER-PRACTITIONER, who faces those children for 10 months and knows What Learning Looks Like. Want a real look at what reform is doing, listen to the professional teacher Peter Greene, who Diane features here: notice the discussion focusses on the ways in which (how) CHILDREN are affected by the reform movement’s emphasis on tests.”
I
n fact the word “teachers appears only in the last line of Leonhardts post.
“And, here in a Ravitch post, is Ohio teacher who talks about the mandated curricula that fails his students.(Imagine writing about hospitals dismissing the reality that the physicians offer.Chris Cotton teaches high school English in Ohio. He posted it on the Facebook page of NE Ohio Educators and given permission to post it he He writes: Harnessing Student Anger on Ohio’s EOC Tests: “I’ve been working on my preparations for next year. I teach English to a class of remedial-level sophomores who are several years behind in reading level. I’ve been banging my head against a brick wall trying to figure out how to prepare them for Ohio’s EOC (End-Of-Course) tests. My first feeling is that I can’t prepare them. It’s simply not possible.”
“So real information is denigrated by Leonhardt, as he meddles in the public square discussion on public education’s deform…sorry “reform.”
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Chris, I suggest you have the students read John Taylor Gatto’s book and write a report. When they get done with that, have them work on a project on whether scores are useful information or not. Have them make presentations. Film them. Invite parents to watch the video(s).
Then teach them meditation. Then prepare them the best you can.
What else can you do?
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Chris –
A friend teaches fifth grade in a Boston Public School. Her school’s profile is not untypical – most kids a poor, a lrge number of them are working n English as their second language, many have special education IEP’s.
Under her guidance, her students research high stakes testing and its correlation to economic strata. They look a bit at test construction as well and explore the bell curve. At the end of the unit, the students present their findings to an audience – of their parents and community members. Many parents opt their children out of the testing as a result.
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Hi Christine,
Thanks for your reply. This unit your friend does sounds like the kind of thing I’ve been contemplating. Do you think I could contact her? Or, you could send her my email and she could contact me if she wants.
I’m at cotton_c@shaker.org
Also, I bet Diane would love to publicize what your friend is doing. That’s the kind of thing she posts. If your friend can publish an article about her unit on a Facebook ed. group, or in her union newsletter, etc., then Diane might link to it. That’s how I ended up on Diane’s blog a few times.
Thanks!
Chris
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Chris, you should be here every day.
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Glad to ask her for you, Chris!
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Hi Diane,
I’ve been feeling so damn happy ever since last night when I read your comment from July 24 at 10:34 (below here in the comment section). I don’t know where to reply just to thank you personally, so I’ll do it here. You made my week. Thank you!
Chris
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You gotsta be careful with the Shakespeare stuff, the “kids” might catch on…
“As Hamlet says in a moment of lucid madness: “The body is with the king, but the king is not with the body.” The king is a social or symbolic function, not a physical thing. A particular king – say, James II – is no different biologically from his fellow men, yet he puts on a crown, sits on a throne and assumes a symbolic position of authority. It is from this place, backed by a mythic structure (divine right, for example), that the social structure itself borrows its substance.”
The body is with the (fill in title, rank, score, or myth),
but the (fill in) is not with the body…
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