Susan Ochshorn of The ECE Policy Wirks notes an insidious trend: entrepreneurs have discovered Hart and Risley’s vocabulary gap between children who live in poverty and those who live in professional families.
“Reducing the gap of 30 million words between low- and high-income children has approached the level of national obsession. The Clinton Foundation got on board with its initiative Too Small to Fail. So did the University of Chicago medical school, which created a website to support the ongoing conversation.
Efforts reached a fevered pitch in the fall of 2014. The White House Office on Science and Technology, the Urban Institute, Too Small to Fail, the U.S. Department of Education, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Institute for Museum and Library Services hosted a forum for policymakers, researchers, and early childhood advocates to discuss the gap–a matter, some might argue, of national security.”
It was only a matter of time until the “education industrial complex” began to produce new technologies to sell.
But before you buy the latest software or apps, writes Ochshorn, consider a better alternative.
She writes:
“Just today, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff and Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, the authors of ‘How Babies Talk’, and two of the nation’s foremost experts on language acquisition, published an op-ed in the Dallas Morning News. Our efforts are missing the mark, they say. Filling little ones’ brains with 30 million words is not the right approach. How we communicate is key, in that intimate sphere of adult and child:
“We must promote warm and caring relationships in which adults don’t just talk to children, but instead engage in a back-and-forth interaction. When parents keep the conversation going, rather than simply trying to get their children to hear as many words as possible, they are preparing their children for later language and school success.
“I’ll take that—along with economic security, paid family leave, high-quality child care, flexibility in the workplace, and a big reduction in the child poverty rate. It seems to me that all of the above would go a long way toward promoting those “positive experiences with language and reading, in a safe, nonjudgmental environment.”

Having worked with poor ELLs for most of my career, I saw that the vocabulary gap is real as is a generalized language gap. Studies have pointed out that poor children’s vocabulary is limited as a great deal of their social interaction involves following short commands or directions without much embellishment. They are also limited in the types of experiences that lead to richer linguistic exchanges. They rarely go on vacation or visit museums.
What these poor children will not benefit from is robotic decontextualized vocabulary lessons. Poor children will benefit a great deal from being read to. I cannot tell you the volume of books I acquired for my ELLs. I read aloud to them daily starting with picture books. I got grants and sent books on CDs home with students. Whole families would listen to the books with the children, and the parents were learning English from their children. Parents, aunts and uncles were enjoying and learning from these simple books. These were poor families so home life was fairly boring. Many parents did not have the time to take ESL classes so listening to books became a window to the world.
I agree with Steven Krashen. Real social communication and access to books of all kinds are important. That is why we must fight for libraries. Like public schools are a force of democracy.http://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/the-power-of-reading-stephen-krashen
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AGREE.
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I can see the children passing the robotized decontextualized vocabulary test yet being unable to use the words in any situation. And the company producing the lessos will talk of their success.
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This is rather long, but relevant.
Stephen Krashen comment about vocabulary.
Closing the vocabulary gap: Simpler solutions
Sent to Education Week, April 24, 2015
Children of poverty clearly have slower vocabulary development and this is appears to related not only to the quantity but also the quality of interaction of parents (“Key to vocabulary gap is quality of conversation,” April 22).
Rather than intervene and give parents’ “conversation training” we might consider simpler solutions.
First, despite Prof. Neuman’s misgivings about read-alouds, there is substantial evidence that even a modest effort to provide books and basic guidance in read-alouds has a substantial effect on vocabulary growth. Especially interesting are a series of studies using Reach Out and Read, in which books and guidance are provided during well-child clinic visits.
Second, encourage self-selected free voluntary reading as soon as children can read independently. A recent study by Alice Sullivan and Matt Brown of the Centre for Longitudinal Studies at the University of London confirmed that we can increase our vocabulary by reading at any age: the impact of reading on vocabulary development in older readers is independent of the level of poverty of their parents.
“Late intervention” is powerful: A child of poverty who becomes a dedicated pleasure reader will rapidly close not only the vocabulary gap, but the literacy gap in general.
Stephen Krashen
original article: http://www.edweek.org/…/key-to-vocabulary-gap-is-quality-of…
this letter and sources: http://tinyurl.com/nfkxtnw
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I totally agree. I have done this, and it works. Having access to books elevates the quality and quantity of the discourse, but it is all accomplished in a very natural setting. The language that develops is like a snowball that keeps getting bigger, richer and natural.
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I so agree. If parents were more able to stay at home with their children during the first critical years, and had access to quality libraries and communities that encouraged literacy in simple ways, this would be much better. Listening to some computer spew out words does nothing for a young child, or anyone else, for that matter.
Why can’t we get this through to these technocrats and policymakers: “It’s the RELATIONSHIPS, stupid!”
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A friend of mine did her PhD thesis on “Mother Child Speech.” She found that many middle class mothers develop children’s language instinctively by being responsive, by restating and embellishing the exchange of language. Many poor parents lack the time or even have the rich language base to do this.
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But that’s the point. If we had policies that allowed and even encouraged mothers and/or fathers to be able to be home more with children, particularly in those critical years, the parents would have the time. And with access to quality books and some brief instruction, parents could do this. Almost all parents want to do what’s best for their kids. Many can’t because of the need to support the family and the lack of access.
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Agreed. Plus the programs that do this like “Early Start” are getting cut.
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30 million words indeed.
“According to the Global Language Monitor (GLM), there are 1,019,729 words in the English language. The millionth new word (a neologism in lexicographer lingo), “Web 2.0,” entered the 1,400-year-old English lexicon on June 10, 2009 at 10:22 am.
Fortunately for most English speakers, you do not need to master all million words to converse and write effectively. The average high-school educated English speaker knows about 45,000 words (as high as 60,000 when including proper names and foreign words). David Crystal, a linguist and world-renown expert on the English language, provides these estimates of how many words people know: a person starting school: 500-6,000; a person without a formal education: 35,000; a high-school educated person: 50,000; a college-educated person 50-75,000.”
Source: https://atkinsbookshelf.wordpress.com/tag/how-many-words-in-the-average-persons-vocabulary/
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Raj, you don’t get it. Professionals’ kids hear thirty million more words. Of course many of them are repeats. No one is claiming these kids have a thirty million word vocabulary.
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Raj, make sure to READ the last paragraph in this comment.
“The number of words in the English language is: 1,025,109.8. This is the estimate by the Global Language Monitor on January 1, 2014. The English Language passed the Million Word threshold on June 10, 2009 at 10:22 a.m. (GMT). The Millionth Word was the controversial ‘Web 2.0′.Jun 10, 2009”
http://www.languagemonitor.com/number-of-words/number-of-words-in-the-english-language-1008879/
And comparing the number of words per language:
“Now, here’s where it gets interesting: although an average adult native English speaker has an active vocabulary of about 20,000 words, the Reading Teachers Book of Lists claims that the first 25 words are used in 33% of everyday writing, the first 100 words appear in 50% of adult and student writing, and the first 1,000 words are used in 89% of every day writing! Of course, as we progressively move to a higher percentage, the number of words starts to dramatically increase (especially after 95% of comprehension), but it has been said that a vocabulary of just 3000 words provides coverage for around 95% of common texts (such as news items, blogs, etc.).”
http://www.lingholic.com/how-many-words-do-i-need-to-know-the-955-rule-in-language-learning-part-2/
And from Economist.com we have a few more facts to strain your brain:
“SEVERAL years ago we mentioned TestYourVocab.com here on the blog. Not long ago, the site reached its two millionth test result, and so the researchers have put together some data:
>Most adult native test-takers range from 20,000–35,000 words
>Average native test-takers of age 8 already know 10,000 words
>Average native test-takers of age 4 already know 5,000 words
>Adult native test-takers learn almost 1 new word a day until middle age
>Adult test-taker vocabulary growth basically stops at middle age
>The most common vocabulary size for foreign test-takers is 4,500 words
>Foreign test-takers tend to reach over 10,000 words by living abroad
>Foreign test-takers learn 2.5 new words a day while living in an English-speaking country
In a separate post, though, comes a surprising fact: the reading of fiction specifically is as important as reading generally. People who read “lots” and fiction “lots” outscore those who read “lots” but fiction only “somewhat” or “not much”. This is because a wider range of vocabulary is typically used in fiction than in non-fiction writing.”
Read more at http://www.economist.com/blogs/johnson/2013/05/vocabulary-size#rFwLPeoX9IchEsOE.99
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A person starting school has 500- 6,000. This is the gap that is important. Each word required a learning curve and is related to other words in multiple ways, particularly in English. Catching up is the issue. Learning is not incremental. It is exponential.
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Reading and getting it are just, so, 20th century.
In this 21st century age of cage busting achievement gap crushing innovative disruption, bending every atom of one’s being by making it up as you go along is what’s required. Like 30 or 40 or 50% attrition rate of a charter cohort that starts in 9th grade is rheeally a 100% graduation rate of those 12th graders if you count them a day before graduation, and Michelle Rhee actually took “her” students from the 13th to the 90th percentile, and John Deasy (late of LAUSD) got a 12% graduation increase if you leave out all those pesky ‘non-strivers’ that would have made it only a 2% increase, and so on. Informational text is really creative fiction! Numbers & stats will say anything once you subject them to EIT [EnhancedInterrogrationTechniques].
I leave one of the best for last. Audrey Amrein-Beardsley (of the blog VAMboozled) actually agrees with—but she won’t admit it according to a rheephorm poster on this blog—that Friedman (of Rockoff and Chetty fame) is right on VAM.
“I didn’t lie! I just created fiction with my mouth!”
This is probably news to the rheephormistas, but there is a lot more to Homer than that one quote… And besides, I don’t think he meant it as encouragement…
😎
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My school is closing its library and hooking kids up to Chrome books.
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So sad and irresponsible!
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“Reducing the gap of 30 million words between low- and high-income children has approached the level of national obsession.”
This is one of the slogans of the RheeFormer BS leading the charge to privatize public education, public libraries and indirectly prisons—after all, the RheeFormers must be ready to lock away those children who still grow up to have that gap between their ears because they might be at a higher risk of becoming criminals of some kind like the ones who enjoy smoking pot or the women who want an abortion in a state where it is illegal.
Wasn’t it Scott Walker who said there is no excuse for a woman to have an abortion for any reason even if carrying a fetus to term would be a death sentence for the mother?
In fact, it is arguable that this same BS is being used subtly to privatize all roads and bridges, because once all the free access roads taxpayers paid to build belong to corporations to profit off of, toll booths can be used to limit access for those gap people to areas where the rich and famous shop and live. At every toll booth, there could be a random list of words that a driver must prove they know before they are allowed to pay the toll and continue on their way into these future exclusive protected zones for the 1% and their trusted 19% who earn more than the other 80%.
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Privatization is a great idea for corporations, but it is not so great for everyone else. While visiting my daughter near Houston, TX last week, I saw a story on a privatized water system in Wallisville, TX, which is near Baytown, across the bay from Houston. The residents have been finding a lot of hook worms in their tap water! Privatization is great if you want a lot of dangerous, sub-standard services because the mail goal is not service; it’s profit! All those poor minority men that populate our privatized prisons can attest to that.
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And the RheeFormers have not only been attacking public education for several decades, the libertarians (Koch brothers), neoconservatives (the Walton family) and neo-liberals (the Bill Gates Cabal) have all been attacking every public sector painting them as incompetent, corrupt and burdened with government red tape with the bogus promise that all we have to do to fix that mess is turn all those services the tax payers pay for over to opaque, private sector, for profit corporations ruled over by dictatorial, psychopathic oligarchs who are outside of the jurisdiction of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights that was written to protect American citizens from possible abuse from the transparent, non-profit, democratic federal, state and local governments.
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While I strongly believe that young children do best when engaged with loving parents who provide a nurturing environment and should whenever possible be at home during their early years, I do believe that good childcare should be available for families that need this service.
As a pre certified teacher, I worked in both a private preschool it was far superior to the public preschool I worked in immediately after graduating. As a private provider, I lived hand to mouth as they say, but the owner of the school really cared for those children. She followed good early childhood practices and was accredited by NAEYC. In addition the school was filled with teacher resources, including training as needed. As a public provider, I had a decent salary with insurance and retirement. The school violated many of our state safety laws provided for young children, the curriculum was DIP (developementally inappropriate). And I had very few resources for the classroom. This was true inspite of a five million dollar federal grant given to fund the 10 classroom program.
This is a travesty and I believe one of the reasons parents are choosing charters and private schools. I must add that I have not seen this disparity in our elementary public schools. I am adamantly in favor of public school. But I do believe that there needs to be a much better oversight of our public district administrators.
This is where the real problem lies. They become overly entangled with the required paperwork and lose contact with both students and teachers. Many also believe the hype coming from Washington or are just as shackled with all the new educational laws. During our last Union meeting we cited over 300 unfounded and underfunded federal and state laws within the last three years. This was an informal off the top of our heads brainstorming event. All of these changes are leaving our schools baren.
In my state I often hear that we are top heavy (too many chiefs and not enough Indians). We need to cut funding to get rid of the over glut of district administration. They are paid too much (if you consider 100,000 a year salary wealthy). But all this Government intrusion has caused a need for the expanding district personnel. What we need is responsibility in our government! And I am not sure that I trust them to do what is really in the best interest of our young children.
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I agree that there are some responsible entrepreneurs with a social conscience, and there are some public agencies that need improvement. However, there are many corporate chains whose main goal is profit. The most horrific example I recall comes from Alabama where judges got kickbacks to sentence young black men to privatized prisons for long sentences for minor offenses. Do we really want education to be about selling unproven products to children because the “market” rules? Do we really want to see what happens if Social Security gets privatized? There will be bread lines with sick, elderly people in it.
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I am not so sure every mother child relationship is ideal for the child’s future academics. I once had a discussion with a highly verbal preschooler about her relationship with her father. I was somewhat intimidated by her sophisticated analysis for a five-year-old and looked forward to meeting her mother. When I did, I found the mother to be relatively non-verbal. It turned out the child had been in day care and pre-schools staffed by teachers with Masters degrees since she was six months old.
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It’s not just the agencies looking to gain, it’s our politiciNs looking to gain! We are corrupted when even our judges rule against our laws and constitution.
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First of all, I want to thank Diane Ravitch for helping me keep my sanity in these crazy times. I have been avidly reading the posts for the past few years, even though this is my first comment.
How unfortunate it will be if the response to the real problem of a vocabulary gap is addressed through some new app or mandated test, rather than through strategies that could be helpful. As a math teacher, I am quite aware that “the plural of anectdote is not data;” however, I want to share a personal observation.
In the mid 1990s I ended up teaching English in Japan as a single mother with a 2-year old son. While I worked, my son attended a Japanese daycare, so I had 2 1/2 years to observe how things worked. I was blown away by the high quality care that he received. There were about 45 children from age 6 months to 6 years. There were lots of adults working with the kids, lots of language interactions. The daycare operated in the afternoon and evening, because most of the mothers worked in nearby restaurants and bars. There was a sliding fee based on income (all I know is that on my salary as an English conversation teacher I qualified for “free” daycare, as opposed to the $600 I was paying in San Francisco)…and even those who paid the full fee evidently only paid about 25% of the total costs. Every month, my son received a new book, at a level appropriate for his age. Even I was able to read the books to him once they were sent home, despite my limited language skills. Every day a little notebook went back and forth between home and the daycare. I would write (in mangled Japanese) about my son’s mood, sleep, appetite…. The teachers would write a paragraph each day back about what had happened during the course of his time in daycare.
I often wonder as our leaders fall all over themselves worrying about the high PISA scores of Japan, Korea and Singapore if anyone has actually examined some of the practices that maybe we should copy from other countries (and it’s not cram schools and high stakes exams!)
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We might want to be careful what we wish for when it comes to having the federal government or the 24 states wholly governed by Republicans funding and directing preschools. It could be a means for them to introduce voucher programs, privatization schemes, and standardization to 3 year olds.
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