Jeff Bryant writes that we are stuck in stale thinking about education. Our leaders think that there is a new or better way to do testing and accountability, which is like rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic. We have been stuck in the testing and accountability paradigm for at least a dozen years, in fact, for more than a generation. Governors and Congressmen think that “reform” means more and better tests.
But there comes a time to say, “that doesn’t work. We have been testing and holding people accountable since the passage of NCLB and even earlier.” It failed. It is time to think anew before we “reform” our teachers to distraction and our schools to extinction.
Bryant writes:
“Since the passage of No Child Left Behind legislation in 2002, the nation’s schools have been dominated by a regime of standardized testing that started in two grade levels – 4th and 8th – but eventually rolled out to every level for the vast majority of school children. Then, the Obama administration took the policy obsession with testing to extremes. Race to the Top grants and other incentives encouraged school districts to test multiple times throughout the year, and waivers to help states avoid the consequences of NCLB demanded even more testing for the purpose of evaluating teachers, principals, and schools. The latest fad is to test four year olds for their “readiness” to attend kindergarten.
“An increasingly loud backlash to the over-emphasis on testing has been growing and spreading among parents, teachers, and students for some time, resulting in mass public rallies, school walkouts, and lawsuits. There are clear signs those voices are starting to have an effect on people responsible for education policy…..
“What if instead of just getting rid of NCLB, we got rid of the thinking that created it? That was a question I asked three years ago when the failed legislation was gasping toward its tenth birthday. At that time, I likened the thinking behind NCLB to an econometric approach to problem solving, which is unsuitable for a pursuit like education that is values driven.
“Now there’s a new book arguing that we can’t change the way we think about education policy until we change the way we talk about education. The book is Dumb Ideas Won’t Create Smart Kids: Straight Talk About Bad School Reform, Good Teaching, and Better Learning by Eric M. Hass, Gustavo E. Fischman, and Joe Brewer.
“The book queries why federal and state policymakers put so much energy into “reforms” – such as raising standards and standardized testing – that have very little to no evidence of effectiveness. What the authors contend is that policymakers continue down the same never-ending path to policy failure because they operate from a failed “prototype” for education – a way of thinking about teaching and learning that leads to conclusions that sound good but are built on false beliefs (what the authors call “rightly wrong thinking”). And rather than looking for genuine results, policy makers tend to adhere to a “confirmation bias” that dismisses contrary evidence and reinforces the prototype.
“The authors observe that we tend to talk about schools – and indeed the whole nation – through the metaphor of the “family.” And whenever we think about family, we tend to think about two kinds: the “strict, authority-based” kind and the “caring nurturance-based” kind. It’s the authors’ belief that current education policy is dominated by the former and needs lots more of the latter.
“Policy adhering mostly to strict authoritarian ideals, they contend, promotes a faulty approach to education…..
“What’s needed instead of this failed strict, authority-based approach is a shift to the caring nurturance-based approach, the authors believe. This shift, they argue, would replace the metaphors we use to talk about education with metaphors that are more compatible with how students actually learn.
“Because the conduit-to-empty vessel approaches to education – too much step-by-step instruction, over-testing, and “delivery of lots of right answers” – lead to policies and practices that actually hinder learning, the authors call for a “learning as growth” metaphor.
“The learning as growth metaphor would reinforce thinking about students’ minds as “soil” and ideas and understandings as “plants.”
“The logic of learning as growth metaphor is based on two key ideas,” the authors write. “First, people develop or construct their ideas and understandings … Second, people need support to help them construct accurate understandings.”
“In this metaphorical description, the teacher’s role is more akin to a gardener and the education process more aligned to cultivation. “It says that teaching and learning are cooperative activities,” the authors write. “Like a plant, a student’s understanding will thrive when he or she gets attention tailored to his or her individual needs.”
“The authors also call for replacing the freedom as the lack of constraints metaphor with a “freedom as support” metaphor, which equates freedom to providing the resources teachers need to teach and the students with more opportunities to learn.
“Schools, for example should act as community centers that provide tutoring and library materials, and possibly food and health services,” the authors maintain. “Students need the inputs of basic resources to survive and thrive.”….
“Calls for “better testing” and evermore complicated “accountability” metrics are pruning around the edges of a dead shrub. With a new way to think about education, with the language of learning as growth, we can get beyond today’s failed remedies. Let’s talk it up.”
Thanks Diane! I hope others read the book. There’s quite a bit more there than I cover in my post.
“There’s quite a bit more there than I cover in my post.”
Exactly what I say about my summary of Noel Wilson’s work (see below).
Thanks for pointing out the book!
We have spent two decades “fixing” the wrong things. If i has the power we would:
1. Raise standards nationally for teacher candidates to enter ed school.
2. Require a masters BEFORE they enter a classroom on their own.
3. Convert student teachimg to an internship program sulervised by a master teacher at the approrproate level (elementary, middle or bigh school).
4. Destroy the system of isolation that exists in schools at all levels (one teacher alone in a room with 30 students). For example, at the bugh school level cadres of four subject teachers (English, social studies, science and foreign language) would share the same geoup of students, design curriculum projects together, meet with parents together, design plans for stuggling students, and evaluate students together.)
5. Restore (i.e., replace all the counselors eliminated) counselors to their valuable role is guiding students to approrproate career choices and assisting with college mateiculation, scholarships and financial aid.
6. Redesign administration. The principal’s number one focus would be academics and evaluatuon and coaching teachers. Each site would have an administrative assistant who would handle all the paper work, attend all the meetings downtown, fix the roken drinking fountains, and handle supervision of extra curricular activities. The principal would have to sign all appropriate documents for approval, but not have to process them.
Steve O’Donoghue
Oakland Public Schools (retired)
No offence, but does the book deal with the smoke and mirrors of these policies, that is, its all a ruse to close public schools and privatize them? We can dicker about who believes what works and what doesn’t work, but these policies pretty much have been put into place by politicians who have a lot of patience, backed by those with skin in the game and edupreneurs and eduphilanthropists who look to the end game. The more these policies fail public school children, the more public school real estate is up for grabs, the more charters are opened, etc. Union busting, teacher bashing, getting rid of teachers en masse (thing New Orleans), TFA and TNTP and the Broad Supes – are just part of the nasty game. People who care about education are mosquitoes to be swatted and killed. Policies and laws are enacted to encourage all of this, basically forcing charters on neighborhoods, even when they aren’t wanted. Is this dealt with in the book? I don’t feel there can be an honest/genuine discussion about the policies unless we deal with the why, and the why is purposeful and evil, and about hedge-funders betting bank on education privatization.
Donna, this should make us all more concerned:
http://curmudgucation.blogspot.com/2014/10/fast-food-schooling-worse-than-you-think.html
Does sound frighteningly like what is happening with these franchise charters and the privatization of a public good.
Thanks for the link!
OMG! The parallels are too obvious to ignore.
“. . . such as raising standards and standardized testing – that have very little to no evidence of effectiveness. . . ”
And the evidence as shown by Noel Wilson is not only that those educational malpractices have “little to no evidence” but that conceptually they are intellectually bankrupt. The myriad epistemological and ontological errors involved in the educational standards and standardized testing processes render those processes COMPLETELY INVALID, HARMFUL TO STUDENTS AND UNETHICAL TO BOOT. To understand why please read and understand Noel Wilson’s never refuted nor rebutted complete destruction of the intellectual basis of those malpractices “Educational Standards and the Problem of Error” found at: http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/577/700
Brief outline of Wilson’s “Educational Standards and the Problem of Error” and some comments of mine. (updated 6/24/13 per Wilson email)
1. A description of a quality can only be partially quantified. Quantity is almost always a very small aspect of quality. It is illogical to judge/assess a whole category only by a part of the whole. The assessment is, by definition, lacking in the sense that “assessments are always of multidimensional qualities. To quantify them as unidimensional quantities (numbers or grades) is to perpetuate a fundamental logical error” (per Wilson). The teaching and learning process falls in the logical realm of aesthetics/qualities of human interactions. In attempting to quantify educational standards and standardized testing the descriptive information about said interactions is inadequate, insufficient and inferior to the point of invalidity and unacceptability.
2. A major epistemological mistake is that we attach, with great importance, the “score” of the student, not only onto the student but also, by extension, the teacher, school and district. Any description of a testing event is only a description of an interaction, that of the student and the testing device at a given time and place. The only correct logical thing that we can attempt to do is to describe that interaction (how accurately or not is a whole other story). That description cannot, by logical thought, be “assigned/attached” to the student as it cannot be a description of the student but the interaction. And this error is probably one of the most egregious “errors” that occur with standardized testing (and even the “grading” of students by a teacher).
3. Wilson identifies four “frames of reference” each with distinct assumptions (epistemological basis) about the assessment process from which the “assessor” views the interactions of the teaching and learning process: the Judge (think college professor who “knows” the students capabilities and grades them accordingly), the General Frame-think standardized testing that claims to have a “scientific” basis, the Specific Frame-think of learning by objective like computer based learning, getting a correct answer before moving on to the next screen, and the Responsive Frame-think of an apprenticeship in a trade or a medical residency program where the learner interacts with the “teacher” with constant feedback. Each category has its own sources of error and more error in the process is caused when the assessor confuses and conflates the categories.
4. Wilson elucidates the notion of “error”: “Error is predicated on a notion of perfection; to allocate error is to imply what is without error; to know error it is necessary to determine what is true. And what is true is determined by what we define as true, theoretically by the assumptions of our epistemology, practically by the events and non-events, the discourses and silences, the world of surfaces and their interactions and interpretations; in short, the practices that permeate the field. . . Error is the uncertainty dimension of the statement; error is the band within which chaos reigns, in which anything can happen. Error comprises all of those eventful circumstances which make the assessment statement less than perfectly precise, the measure less than perfectly accurate, the rank order less than perfectly stable, the standard and its measurement less than absolute, and the communication of its truth less than impeccable.”
In other word all the logical errors involved in the process render any conclusions invalid.
5. The test makers/psychometricians, through all sorts of mathematical machinations attempt to “prove” that these tests (based on standards) are valid-errorless or supposedly at least with minimal error [they aren’t]. Wilson turns the concept of validity on its head and focuses on just how invalid the machinations and the test and results are. He is an advocate for the test taker not the test maker. In doing so he identifies thirteen sources of “error”, any one of which renders the test making/giving/disseminating of results invalid. And a basic logical premise is that once something is shown to be invalid it is just that, invalid, and no amount of “fudging” by the psychometricians/test makers can alleviate that invalidity.
6. Having shown the invalidity, and therefore the unreliability, of the whole process Wilson concludes, rightly so, that any result/information gleaned from the process is “vain and illusory”. In other words start with an invalidity, end with an invalidity (except by sheer chance every once in a while, like a blind and anosmic squirrel who finds the occasional acorn, a result may be “true”) or to put in more mundane terms crap in-crap out.
7. And so what does this all mean? I’ll let Wilson have the second to last word: “So what does a test measure in our world? It measures what the person with the power to pay for the test says it measures. And the person who sets the test will name the test what the person who pays for the test wants the test to be named.”
In other words it attempts to measure “’something’ and we can specify some of the ‘errors’ in that ‘something’ but still don’t know [precisely] what the ‘something’ is.” The whole process harms many students as the social rewards for some are not available to others who “don’t make the grade (sic)” Should American public education have the function of sorting and separating students so that some may receive greater benefits than others, especially considering that the sorting and separating devices, educational standards and standardized testing, are so flawed not only in concept but in execution?
My answer is NO!!!!!
One final note with Wilson channeling Foucault and his concept of subjectivization:
“So the mark [grade/test score] becomes part of the story about yourself and with sufficient repetitions becomes true: true because those who know, those in authority, say it is true; true because the society in which you live legitimates this authority; true because your cultural habitus makes it difficult for you to perceive, conceive and integrate those aspects of your experience that contradict the story; true because in acting out your story, which now includes the mark and its meaning, the social truth that created it is confirmed; true because if your mark is high you are consistently rewarded, so that your voice becomes a voice of authority in the power-knowledge discourses that reproduce the structure that helped to produce you; true because if your mark is low your voice becomes muted and confirms your lower position in the social hierarchy; true finally because that success or failure confirms that mark that implicitly predicted the now self evident consequences. And so the circle is complete.”
In other words students “internalize” what those “marks” (grades/test scores) mean, and since the vast majority of the students have not developed the mental skills to counteract what the “authorities” say, they accept as “natural and normal” that “story/description” of them. Although paradoxical in a sense, the “I’m an “A” student” is almost as harmful as “I’m an ‘F’ student” in hindering students becoming independent, critical and free thinkers. And having independent, critical and free thinkers is a threat to the current socio-economic structure of society.
By Duane E. Swacker
I agree with the points that Jeff Bryant makes in his comment but wonder though if true school reform, as actually addressing the real issues required for improving education, was really the motivation behind what we are experiencing.
I fear that the real motivation is that there was and still exists a real opportunity for corporations to make a profit from privatizing education in much the same way that a few oligarchs had privatized politics as described in an article in this week’s issue of The New York Times Magazine by Jim Rutenberg entitled “How Billionaire Oligarchs are Becoming Their Own Political Parties”
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/magazine/how-billionaire-oligarchs-are-becoming-their-own-political-parties.html?_r=1
“With the advent of Citizens United, any players with the wherewithal, and there are surprisingly many of them, can start what are in essence their own political parties, built around pet causes or industries and backing politicians uniquely answerable to them. No longer do they have to buy into the system. Instead, they buy their own pieces of it outright, to use as they see fit. “Suddenly, we privatized politics,” says Trevor Potter, an election lawyer who helped draft the McCain-Feingold law.”
Those of us in education keep thinking (and hoping) that the corporatocracy has made bad decisions about education because they didn’t know any better because we have been looking at what they have done through an educational lens that suggests that we can change their behavior by informing and educating them about how education works in reality and how it can responsibly be improved.
However if one speculates that they have been looking through an economic lens at the possibilities of using the disaster capitalism model of Milton Friedman – Naomi Klein’s Shock Doctrine – then perhaps they aren’t the least bit interested in learning what educators might be able to teach them.
This doesn’t mean that we should give up and not try to inform, educate, resist and opt-out, but rather suggests that we need to change our “focus” . . .
Of course privatization and profit are the real reasons for rephorm. The oligarch know all about the stuff that Bryant talks about in his article – it’s what they expect for their own kids. The fact that they are “reforming” everyone else’s schools in the opposite direction tells you they know exactly what they’re doing.
I have not read the book by Eric M. Hass, Gustavo E. Fischman, and Joe Brewer, but this post about it tells me they are recycling the ideas of linguists, notably Charles Fillmore, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, and specifically Lakoff & Johnson’s “Metaphors We Live By” — popular version of scholarship treating the link between everyday experience, body-based imagery and meaning.
I have not read this new book, but it is part of a new effort by progressives and conservatives to “reframe” discussions of education. Much of this work is being done with the help of spin doctors who are not amateurs is winning heats and minds and preferred policies. They are students of the power of language.
One of the best known spin doctors working for Republicans is Frank Luntz whose books include “Words That Work: It’s Not What You Say: It’s What People Hear “ (2007); “What Americans Really Want…Really: The Truth About Our Hopes, Dreams, and Fears” (2009): and “Win: The Key Principles to Take Your Business from Ordinary to Extraordinary” (2011).
Luntz is why, for example, a bill called “The Clean Air Initiative” and the concept of “Clean Coal” give permission to polluters to regulate themselves. Luntz’ reframed “the estate tax” as “the death tax.” He is famous for advising Republicans to avoiding talk of “taxes on the rich” in favor of talk about “government taking taxes from the rich, and from hard-working Americans” and “ from hardworking taxpayers.”
Luntz has influenced the Republican agenda in education, filled with talk about “careers”(you create these from your talent, drive, grit, and flexibility) rather than “jobs” (others pay you, can hire and fire at will). On the environment, don’t talk about “global warming,” better to say “climate change’ (local imagery of seasons, weather, natural events), Add your own examples of double-speak.
On the Progressive/Democratic side of the political and rhetorical ledger, George Lakoff has written three guides to political rhetoric about values, all of them treating public education—“ Moral Politics : How Liberals and Conservatives Think (2002); Don’t Think of an Elephant!: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate–The Essential Guide for Progressives” (2004); Thinking Points: Communicating Our American Values and Vision (2006); “The Political Mind: A Cognitive Scientist’s Guide to Your Brain and Its Politics” (2009); “The Little Blue Book: The Essential Guide to Thinking and Talking Democratic” (2012): and the most recent” Moral Politics : How Liberals and Conservatives Think”(2014).
Plenty of homeowrk in all of this, but there is a fundamental problem of thinking about what schools are for and what bother to teach x,y,z, Not much interest in that kind of mind-work, just give me your theory of action and your elevator pitch.
I am looking forward to reading this book.
And there is a good one for a laugh… winning heats and mind
Second try= hearts and minds
Why can’t I hear this on NPR instead of that swill I heard yesterday?
OMGZ, NO! Caring and nurturing in schools? Whatever are you smoking, I mean thinking? No, no, no! Take away accountability and authoritarianism in our schools and the terrorists win!
Jeff Bryant, why do you hate America???
Sharon, are you teacher? Why does caring and nurturing in school cause terrorists? How does authoritarianism terminate terrorists? Please educate me by explaining in plain English and giving me specifically true example. I appreciate your precious time.
Please note that blind faith, greed, ignorant (not open minded), righteousness, and most of all snobbish will lead people to become abused into being terrorists as shown in all countries where terrorists come from. Back2basic
I think Sharon was being sarcastic.
My fault. I should have used more exclamation points and question marks, and maybe a few smilies. : )
Thank you Dr. Ravitch for clarify my “simple mind” without a thought of sarcasm in Sharon’s post. May
I am beginning to wonder if, in the end, what is happening with the testing mania has more to do with finding the techies as early as possible, weeding them out as those who will lead companies to higher and higher “efficiencies”.
As I sub in all grade levels k-8 this year after having retired 2 years ago, I am able to observe the different levels of tech ability and the demands of tech opportunity in teaching throughout the school system. It seems apparent to me that a new group of students will be rising to the top via the use of technology. They may not know more information, but they can look it up. They may not be able to do well on an IQ test, but they can use technology in a way that people like Bill Gates find useful to the future of their industries.
I am beginning to think that what Arne is telling us is simply this: technology has changed the world in such a way that there is no need for the past ways of teaching and learning. They are willing to skip and toss all the real creativity and joy of learning as the mind develops in exchange for building a different kind of brain circuitry in children from a very young age. They are planning to use all this data to find those best suited for their goals. Never mind the things that make us human or social. Just make sure the kids are programmed to type, search, and solve some kind of puzzle or answer questions about bits of reading, not about entire books or novels. Be able to peruse small articles and glean out of them some predetermined answer.
What I mean is: they no longer want the children they see, the employees they get. They no longer want wisdom, empathy, or compassion. Those are a waste of time. To them.
Any of us who hang on to humanity in education or even in business will continue to be relegated to minimum wage status until we all die off. It will take a generation or so, but the world will be very different.
Interesting how intelligence begets artificial intelligence that is only able to beget more artificial intelligence…with what to look forward to? Watch “Metropolis” as I have said before. Read “1984”. Read “The Jungle”.
There is an education model that already exists like the one Jeff is talking about. It’s called Montessori! More public Montessori schools, please!