Writing in The Atlantic, high school English teacher David Perrin tries to imagine what Mark Twain would think about Common Core testing.
He begins:
I’ve been teaching high school English in Illinois for over 20 years, but have only recently come to believe that I am complicit in a fraud. For nearly a decade, I have dutifully prepared college-bound students for the rigors of the ACT and the Advanced Placement (AP) English Literature and Composition exam. Even though I believe there’s an undue emphasis on testing in our current school culture, I have considered this preparation an important part of my job because these tests are important to my students both academically and financially. But I question what, if anything, the new Common Core test—which will include writing components graded in part by computer algorithms—will have to offer my students.
Perrin has no doubt that Twain would have skewered the Common Core curriculum, as he skewered the curriculum of his own time:
Mark Twain had an abiding concern with education, and he treated formal schooling derisively in his writings. His 1917 autobiography describes his education in the mid-19th century, at the dawn of the public school movement; his acerbic portrayal of Mr. Dobbins in the school scenes of Tom Sawyer is based on Twain’s remembrances of his own teachers and experiences. In one scene, set on Examination Day, Twain mocks the vacuous nature of writing instruction as he shows Tom Sawyer’s classmates reading their essays aloud: “A prevalent feature in these compositions was a nursed and petted melancholy; another was a wasteful and opulent gush of ‘fine language’; another was a tendency to lug in by the ears particularly prized words and phrases until they were worn entirely out.” The examinations come to an abrupt halt when Tom and his friends hide in the garret, lower a cat on a string, and watch it snatch the wig off the teacher’s head.
In 1887, Twain penned an introduction to English as She is Taught, a parody of sorts written by a Brooklyn school teacher who had crafted together her students’ most outlandish and misinformed answers. Twain quotes his favorite passages: “The captain eliminated a bullet through the man’s heart. You should take caution and be precarious. The supercilious girl acted with vicissitude when the perennial time came.” His real target isn’t the writing itself but the school system that gave rise to such disjointed answers. “Isn’t it reasonably possible,” he asks, “that in our schools many of the questions in all studies are several miles ahead of where the pupil is?—that he is set to struggle with things that are ludicrously beyond his present reach, hopelessly beyond his present strength?” He notes, for example, that the date 1492 has been drilled into every student’s memory. In the book’s essays, it “is always at hand, always deliverable at a moment’s notice. But the Fact that belongs with it? That is quite another matter.”
Twain would have had fun at the expense of the Common Core standards and the computer-graded tests, writes Perrin:
The Common Core standards and their assessment tools would have given Twain plenty of fodder for his sardonic wit. The first “anchor standard” for writing at the grade 11–12 level declares that students will “write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.” This goal will be assessed by Pearson, one of America’s three largest textbook publishers and test-assessment companies. Pearson will, at least in part, be using the automated scoring systems of Educational Testing Services (ETS), proprietor of the e-Rater, which can “grade” 16,000 essays in a mere 20 minutes.
And he would have been suspicious of the profit motive of the corporations that are likely to make $1 billion or more by testing students. Perrin feels sure that Twain “would have almost certainly had something to say about essay-grading software and corporations that refuse to reveal their testing methods. With so little transparency, and with so many dollars and futures at stake, Twain might have condemned an “assification of the whole system….” He would not be one of those who stand with the corporations that stand to profit and the politicians who couldn’t pass the tests they insist upon.

“I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.” Variously attributed to Mark Twain and Grant Allen. It’s the thought that counts.
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Were Twain alive today, he’d probably write “A Seattle Yankee in King Obama’s Court”
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Given his thoughts on school boards, it’s hard to imagine he wouldn’t be a strong supporter of charters.
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Ha, as if charters are any more enlightened! What Twain wants is intelligent education! I love Twain’s observation that the schools then were trying to get kids to do things that were far beyond their grasp. That is Common Core in a nutshell. I just read a dismal Common Coresy lesson plan in California’s Social Studies Review that asks ninth graders to evaluate two quotes about the role of bystanders, find and read “academic articles” about Nazis and the Holocaust, and then compose a treatise on the validity of those quotes drawing support from those articles. This is work that most college students (or teachers, I may add) would not be able to do well. Think just about the finding (oy!) and reading (oy, oy!) the academic articles. Ninth graders! Only with a month of class time and herculean effort– on my part — could I get a group of average ninth graders to write something non-laughable on this prompt. But to object to such ludicrous rigor is to risk the sin of “lowering expectations” for kids. What I ought to be doing instead is laying the foundations for this kind of high-level task –for example, by giving lucid lectures about medieval and early modern European history, to give some of the context, concepts and vocabulary necessary to understand Germany in WWII –not force kids to ape the performance of this expert-level task.
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How would Huck Finn have reacted to lucid lectures about medieval history? I think he would have lit out for the territories.
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Ponderosa, I share your concerns. Trying to teach concepts several years or more above students of average ability is a waste of time. Very, very few will rise to the occasion. Most give up, or parrot some other students answer. When I generate Lexile scores on my districts tests, or even the state tests, I consistently find that much of the vocabulary for middle school students is of high school and college level. That’s not “high expectations”, that’s just stupid. We must teach to the level that the student is at.
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No context Ponderosa dear !
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I like this definition, treatise – an obsolete word for narrative.
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Mark Twain was a keen spotter of phonies. I expect he would say that the only thing worse than a school board was a privately managed charter school that ripped off the public while pretending to educate kids.
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You leave me no choice but to point out the obvious. Twain didn’t have charters, Common Core, privatization, nationalization, scapegoating teachers, etc., within his horizon, but he was an astute observer of the realities of his day. The things that he objected to have persisted right up until the present in traditional classrooms because traditional conceptions of education even then were the basis of his lucid criticisms. The Cult of School was even then alive and well with all the absurd mythology that goes with it. Twain would most certainly be adamantly opposed to compulsory attendance and he would most definitely see through the phoniness of any imposed or superimposed curriculum and the authority that has made schools feel like prison for no less than half of all students fro many decades. Ignoring this pathetic reality and rationalizing it away costs those who can’t deal with the truth their credibility. It’s kind of like being only partially pregnant. If you are in denial, you aren’t going to save the world or even your little corner of it. Maybe there is a 12 step program for those who pretend that schools equal education or a sober living home for those who persist in believing that coercion and education can somehow be reconciled if we just push hard enough and repeat the mantra enough times.
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I started reading this comment without looking at the author and within two sentences I determined it was you, Barry.
Question: was there compulsory attendance policies when Samuel Clemens attended school? I thought it was voluntary in those days.
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Kind of like a Jewish guy I dated told me his parents raised him to believe the only thing worse than a fundamentalist Christian is a fundamentalist Jew.
I like your quote by Benjamin Franklin earlier.
Twain was just smart. He liked people who were smart or genuine, I believe.
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An addendum: Please, please, dear dear folks, let us not misappropriate the words and messages of the great Mark Twain. It’s impossible to determine what he would do in today’s circumstances. However, his acerbic statement that suggests that school interferes with education doesn’t support your general position as far as I can determine. I think he would most probably be an unschooler or a deschool advocate. He was the original debunker and cynic about the whole ambitious enterprise. He presumably saw the institution as largely an exercise in conformity and obedience and a waste of time for the serious student.
I don’t think I’d be going too far out on a limb to suggest that Twain recognized that formal schooling where children are herded into classrooms and given instruction that solidifies given ideas, concepts, and versions of knowledge instead of opening their minds to their capacity to create new knowledge is the antithesis of education. I think his criticism was of the idea of schooling as training, indoctrination, and programming for social integration (which are fine purposes as far as they go if they are voluntary and well-scrutinized by parents) is not consonant with what he saw as the American way of exploration, autonomy, curiosity, science, critical thinking, and self-sufficient pioneer identity. Twain knew intuitively that ignorance is more likely to be the most common result when schooling and education are conflated and confused.
For Ellen: Compulsory attendance laws were instituted in various states at different times starting about 1850, if my memory serves me well. By twain’s time, it was all the rage (and from the beginning it did indeed enrage those people who like Twain valued education over control, engineering, and the elevation of self-appointed “experts” in the field). The battle had already been won by the super-wealthy oligarchs of that day who wanted to be able to create the sort of citizens who would sit down, shut up, listen intently, and obey, regardless of their intuition and better judgment. Privatization is just the up-dated version of that arrogant and abusive mentality. It has taken hold so easily because the plan has worked so well in the last century-and-a-half. Treat people like sheep and confine them from an early enough age and they will become sheep. It’s a lot like the Stockholm Syndrom in its effects.
Somewhere in this thread someone offered the following quote (Joanna Best? Sorry, I lost the name): “Whoever undertakes to set himself up as a judge of Truth and Knowledge is shipwrecked by the laughter of the gods.” [This aphorism was quoted by Albert Einstein in his contribution to Essays Presented to Leo Baeck on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday. London: East and West Library, 1954. Einstein’s source, if he had […]
yes!
The gods have been laughing all the way to the bank for generations. By establishing schools that are there to satisfy legal attendance requirements the judges of truth and knowledge are selected by default by the state. The joke is on all of us and even the best of us are made fools.
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A child pressed into a mold is a child deformed.
Children fit into the spaces we give them: Tiny boxes; or giant stars.
Watch where you step as you chase stars.
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Charters have boards. My friends with children in charters have some issues with how people are assigned to these boards and how meetings are never public. Charter school boards are far from perfect and, in some respects, they are worse than the elected public school boards in my twon.
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Charters without audits, not an ounce of transparency in how many states? Billionaires fronting many charters, federal officials aiding and abetting?
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“Life on the Mississippi”
Mississippi charters
Flout Mark Twain
“All aboooard
The gravy train”
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Mark Twain was actually into modern teaching methods long before they were accepted. For an example, see this article he wrote on teaching history where he argues for multiple intelligences (remembering dates by having students draw pictures to associate with the historical people and event):
http://www.twainquotes.com/HistoryDates/HistoryDates.html
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GST: that is an incredible link. Thank you. What it shows is that Twain believed in memorizing facts. His “modern” method –having kids draw little pictures –is a mnemonic device used in the service of a traditional aim: memorizing important facts.
In Twain’s own words:
“Dates are difficult things to acquire; and after they are acquired it is difficult to keep them in the head. But they are very valuable. They are like the cattle-pens of a ranch–they shut in the several brands of historical cattle, each within its own fence, and keep them from getting mixed together. Dates are hard to remember because they consist of figures; figures are monotonously unstriking in appearance, and they don’t take hold, they form no pictures, and so they give the eye no chance to help. Pictures are the thing. Pictures can make dates stick. They can make nearly anything stick–particularly IF YOU MAKE THE PICTURES YOURSELF. ”
While his method may seem unorthodox or modern, his purpose is very traditional: to transmit important knowledge to the rising generation of young humans. This is the antithesis of most modern education theories, alas.
I heartily endorse his method of getting facts to stick. My lectures consist largely of images I draw by hand and project on a screen. I know that images help kids grasp material.
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The problem is not common core testing; it is testing. The strategy that might target the real problem is of attitude toward learning, the lack of any kind of sensible notion of what constitutes valid learning outcomes. Stop harping on the CCSS and let’s coalesce around the task of thinking through and developing a statement, with support in evidence, for goals that are humane, that reflect a decent sense of the human potential.
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This sounds like a worthy goal.
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I ran across this on the Humans of New York blog:
http://www.humansofnewyork.com/post/89367718031/his-grandmother-and-i-are-raising-him-i-worry
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There is definitely something to that. Preserving that unique personality is of the utmost importance. This link to Student Led Learning is one example of what I’ve found. http://studentledlearning.com/2014/02/18/about/
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“The Glorious Whitewasher”
The fence and Gates
Were washed with white
The public paid
To make it bright
The “right” to make
The Gates look good
Cost money
From the neighborhood
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Mark Twain would have worn his green shoelaces and OPTED OUT.
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“Whoever undertakes to set himself up as a judge of Truth and Knowledge is shipwrecked by the laughter of the gods.”
[This aphorism was quoted by Albert Einstein in his contribution to Essays Presented to Leo Baeck on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday. London: East and West Library, 1954. Einstein’s source, if he had any, is unknown. The quotation is sometimes falsely attributed to Edmund Burke, Francis Bacon, or Leonardo Da Vinci, though I have not been able to find a source for it in writing by any of those guys.]
At any rate, we love Twain because he undertook that sacred task of laughing at the various hypocrisies, at those who demonstrated a combination of arrogance and ignorance.
However, a note of caution. Twain lived at a time when a loose “public-private partnership” of plutocrats (robber barons) and their windup toys among politicians and bureaucrats was very, very busy remaking education in the United States. Much of what those people were up to–the infamous American Indian boarding schools and the importation of the Prussian model of education into the United States–was arguably disastrous, and other initiatives–creation of trade schools for black students like the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, was and remains extremely controversial. See Dudley Randall’s trenchant poem “Booker T. and W.E.B.,” on that topic.
http://www.huarchivesnet.howard.edu/9908huarnet/randall.htm
In other words, Twain’s was a time when “education reform” was in high gear in the United States, and just as in our time, this reform involved a lot of backroom deal-making among power brokers, and just as in our time, these power brokers often enlisted public intellectuals in support of their activities, including Twain.
I suspect that Twain, an individualist and iconoclast, would have looked askance at easy answers cooked up in backrooms, but I also suspect that he was not, himself, immune to influence couched in simplistic utopian rhetoric. I am not scholar enough regarding Twain to say.
It is always interesting and amusing to read what Twain did have to say on education. The link posted above is fascinating.
Twain prefigured a lot of contemporary criticism and theory in his contention in one of his notebooks that the function of college education is as much to conceal as it is to reveal. In other words, what is not said, but assumed, is often the really fascinating stuff. That comment in one of Twain’s notebooks, which I turned up by Googling “Twain, education,” is fascinating, and lends credence to the view that he would have been skeptical about education reform, as he was skeptical about reformers, generally, and their motives.
Another way of making Twain’s point: The most profound learning is often unlearning.
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yes!
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Let’s not forget that Twain was suckered by the technology of his time. He lost a small fortune on an automated typesetting machine. The lesson for you teachers is in Life on the Mississippi, the chapter about the pilot’s association. That was a union that worked.
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Here is what Mark Twain might say, if he were alive today:
The more it costs to win elections, the more sold-out politicians.
A profound analysis must fit into a tweet.
Washington believes that burning money to generate heat is renewable energy.
Common Core is the education Edsel.
Warning: Washington contains financially modified politicians.
In a heated political argument, you fast discover that your opponent is misinformed, biased, stupid and stuck!
We are running out of planet!
Send to Congress for swift inaction anything you never want to happen.
Our children are allergic to the Common Core.
Apply industrial strength Washington remover!
A nation that loses its children loses its future.
My paycheck is too small to fit in the bank.
The rich are regular people with too much money.
Marriage is peaches and cream and pits.
Politics is the fine art of compromising principles to attain mediocrity.
We’re getting off of this planet! As soon as we find a peaceful planet with flush toilets.
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Henry – I love them all.
My favorite: Common Core is the education Edsel.
Sadly, it is too true.
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Ellen,
Now is the time for us to LABEL the Common Core. Let’s say that there are still 300 million Americans who either do not know what the Common Core is, or have a brief misconception via the media. Right now, if we all get onto this, we can have the media call Common Core the education Edsel each time they cover the Common Core. That way we will define the battle field.
You can find dozens of the world’s most powerful anti-Common Core one-liners at http://www.mountainmaninsights.org On the navigation bar, click on Mountain Man Insights. At the top of that page, Search Topic: Schools. You will be astounded at what comes up! We can win the public perception battle by defining the Common Core as a disaster, up front now.
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Henry – it will be my new mantra
CC, the education Edsel.
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It seems to me that the problem with using “Edsel” is that a large percentage of your audience will not get the allusion. Here’s an experiment: ask the next five Americans you encounter what comes to mind when you say “Edsel”.
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Good point, Ponderosa. Perhaps we should say: Common Core, the My Space of Education!
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Here are a few more sound bites on the Common Core:
Get the Washington fools out of our schools!
The Common Core is user-impossible!
Teach to the test! Forget all the rest.
Common Core is the tests that fail the test.
No more Common Core!
The Common Core is Washington illegal.
The biggest bullies are edubullies.
Edubully fools mandate school rules.
This Race is going to the wrong place!
I would love to see these used on placards in the Badass Teacher Association march on Washington on July 28th. However, I do not know how to get through effectively to Mark, Priscilla and Marla who run BAT. If you can connect with them, I sure would appreciate your help! Henry
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Or: Common Core: The Educational Walkman
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Ellen Klock: Common Core is Dead Man Walking
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Good one, Diane.
Oh, we are a clever bunch!
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Diane,
It is clear that Race to the Top and the Common Core will collapse of their own inbuilt gross incompetence at some point in time. When will this happen? Can we say that around a year from now, perhaps next summer, is a good estimate?
Meantime, teach to the test, forget all the rest, will be hitting 100,000 American public schools within two months. Huge numbers of challenging, creative, personalized teachings will be lost to make way for high stakes test preparation. Students who love writing and love math will learn to hate both. Curriculum will be drastically altered, to fit the Common Core template. Teachers will be disheartened. Well over a billion dollars of local school district dollars will be diverted from classroom teaching to test administration. We are launching a nightmare this fall!
THIS IS FAR TOO HIGH A PRICE TO PAY for a year’s delay in terminating Race to the Top and the Common Core! It will be a horrendous loss for our children, our schools, America, caused by our failure to take timely action now to halt these idiot programs.
Current opposition is failing to stop these Washington-imposed programs, however intensely our opposing actions are being implemented. Three cheers for Opt-Out, logical academic discussions, demonstrations, and action in state legislatures. They clearly are helping to slow down, wear down the Race to the Top. And the Race continues.
We need to step back, take a fresh look at what is happening. Teaching school in 100,000 American schools from Washington will never work! As has been so clearly demonstrated in New York State, once we fully experience the Common Core we know in our minds, hearts and souls that it is an unremitting disaster. We are right now reaching the tipping point where there is enough awareness for us to push the Race to the Top off of a cliff edge!
What is called for is an altogether different strategy to do the pushing. It needs to be laser-beam focused to TERMINATE THE COMMON CORE NOW! Then effectively implemented with total conviction. This is a high challenge. It can be done.
For a fresh start in changing our perspective, please visit my Website, http://www.mountainmaninsights.org Go to Mountain Man Insights. At the top of the page, Search Topic: schools. Search. You will promptly see a no holds barred, non-academic view of the Common Core. Let’s start calling a total disaster what it is: A total disaster!
If you find this appealing to you, also use Search Topic: politics and Search Topic: children. This is the launch point for getting us underway on a new tack. We can terminate Race to the Top and the Common Core this year! Let’s do it.
Sincerely, Honest Henry
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Honest Henry – you bring us crashing back to reality. The situation is bleak, but I can only cry for so long.
Every once in a while it is nice to have a moment of levity.
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Ellen,
Actually, my view of what is happening now has a high positive aspect to it. We have the opportunity to bring the Race to the Top and the Common Core crashing down! My point in the long write-up is that we need a more focused strategy to do it than the current Opt-Outs, marches and academic discussions. While they are helping, it is time to strike at the heart of the Common Core, rather than nibble at its edges.
Honest Henry
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Honest Harry, I’m willing. Besides opting out and speaking my mind to those who will listen, what do you suggest? (I have a letter to the editor ready to go about tenure).
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Ellen,
Congress will be back home, instead of in Washington, for the entire month of August. (Have you noticed that Washington runs better when Congress is not there?)
This is an ideal time for constituents to meet with their Congressman and Senators.
Repealing the Common Core is currently a very low priority for Congress. Both the House and the Senate education committees are not even holding hearings on the Common Core. We need to communicate to Congress that repealing the Common Core is top priority!
I suggest that you work with your local or state Opt-Out group to make a presentation to your Congressman, and/or one of your Senators.
Honest Henry
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