A few years ago, when I was blogging at Education Week with Deborah Meier, a reader introduced the term FUD. I had never heard of it. It is a marketing technique used in business and politics to harm your competition. The term and its history can be found on Wikipedia. FUD stands for Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt. The reader said that those who were trying to create a market-based system to replace public education were using FUD to undermine public confidence in public education. They were selling the false narrative that our public schools are obsolete and failing.
This insight inspired me to write “Reign of Error,” to show that the “reform” narrative is a fraud. Test scores on NAEP are at their highest point in history for white students, black students, Hispanic students, and Asian students. Graduation rates are the highest in history for these groups. The dropout rate is at an historic low point.
Why the FUD campaign against one of our nation’s most treasured democratic institutions? It helps the competition. It makes people so desperate tat they will seek out unproven alternatives. It makes the public gullible when they hear phony claims about miracle schools, where everyone graduates and everyone gets high test scores, and everyone goes to a four-year college. No such school exists. The “miracle school” usually has a high suspension rate, a high expulsion rate, a high attrition rate, and such schools usually do not replace the kids they somehow got rid of. Some “miracle schools” have never graduated anyone because they have only elementary schools, but that doesn’t stop the claims and boasting.
It turns out that there is actually a scholar studying the phenomenon of the “the cultural production of ignorance.”
He hasn’t looked at the attack on public schools, but his work shows how propaganda may be skillfully deployed to confuse and mislead the public. Michael Hiltzik of the Los Angeles Times writes about the work of Robert Proctor of Stanford University:
“Robert Proctor doesn’t think ignorance is bliss. He thinks that what you don’t know can hurt you. And that there’s more ignorance around than there used to be, and that its purveyors have gotten much better at filling our heads with nonsense.
Proctor, a professor of the history of science at Stanford, is one of the world’s leading experts in agnotology, a neologism signifying the study of the cultural production of ignorance. It’s a rich field, especially today when whole industries devote themselves to sowing public misinformation and doubt about their products and activities.
“The tobacco industry was a pioneer at this. Its goal was to erode public acceptance of the scientifically proven links between smoking and disease: In the words of an internal 1969 memo legal opponents extracted from Brown & Williamson’s files, “Doubt is our product.” Big Tobacco’s method should not be to debunk the evidence, the memo’s author wrote, but to establish a “controversy.”
“When this sort of manipulation of information is done for profit, or to confound the development of beneficial public policy, it becomes a threat to health and to democratic society. Big Tobacco’s program has been carefully studied by the sugar industry, which has become a major target of public health advocates.”
FUD was pioneered decades ago. Now public education is the target, and privatizing it is the goal. I hope Professor Proctor turns his attention to this issue, where a well-funded propaganda campaign seeks to spread enough doubt to destroy an essential Dmocratic institution.
There is no evidence from any other nation that replacing a public system with a privatized choice system produces anything but social, economic, and racial segregation.
http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-hiltzik-20140307,0,1622098.column#ixzz2vU1s5OXR
What did you think of CNN puff piece on Chicago? My friends tell me that it was done by a client of Rahm’s brother.
Walter “Sandy” Silvers
CNN is a joke. They have no credibility.
We Americans are easily swayed b marketing. The eduhackers have developed marketing techniques that draw in the consumer driven desire to appear to be “best”. Never mind that the marketing is not based on truth. That doesn’t appeal to us. Truth is too raw and messy. We want prepackaged solutions. I mean, today ideas are marketed as products. Children are marketed as goods. Teachers are marketed as money sucking vultures.
Marketing is not truth. Never was. Never will be. None of us who is interested in truth will “win” the marketing game. We can’t tie up educational delivery and top it with a bow. We know that. Honesty is our worst enemy because it is easy to turn reality into being seemingly negative to those who “know” there is a solution that makes it “all better” for everyone, but most importantly for “my kd” because to be a “good parent” one must overwhelm the child with “every advantage”. That is what I hear.
So in swoops Bill Gates and friends with a marketing campaign that is admittedly experimental (and won’t solve all problems). The cases where there are small successes are marketed as “proof” that larger successes will occur. But avoiding the messy truth of the multiple failures keeps that marketing going.
It is like the ad for facial creams that diminish not only the size of pores but the number of pores on a woman’s face. Never mind that a pore is not something that can be subtracted from the skin. All that matters is that someone buys into the notion that it will solve her problems.
We need to do a better job of marketing what really does work in PUBLIC education. We are up against a financially well-backed marketing campaign to sell pretty promises not realities. Real students need real solutions not pretty packages of promises.
Real educators know this. Just like real parents know that raising real children is NOT a one size fits all method. It is all about adjusting, fixing, tolerating, changing, and adapting daily.
But how do you tell that to a computer or to marketers that run from place to place pretending to have solutions, often “solutions” that the majority don’t want or need?
Diane, are you suggesting that the students who began at these “miracle schools” aren’t performing as brilliantly as reformers thought they were…and these schools aren’t quite as good as reformers thought they were?
Yes.
Precisely. ANYONE who looks with critical eyes at what is happening, in so many fields, not just education, will certainly understand the concept. Education in public schools is our area but education in a broader sense, outside of the parameters of public schools will see this in the propaganda against climate change, and in other areas I will not mention because this blog is about public schools and there will be of course people with different perspectives within our own ranks. One can see that already in responses.
However, in my view, as educators, it is our responsibility to educate, using the term in its most profound meaning, to educate the public. The “news” media will not do it. 5 huge corporations control 80% of the “news” which the public consumes as facts but guess in whose interest these corporations promote their sound bytes etc.
At one time educators were respected. As mentioned in this blog, that has been dissipated. When “A Nation at Risk” was promoted and every teacher was castigated as inept, ignorant ad nauseum and every school was a failure the disinformation began.
At the time a book came out: “The Truth About America’s Schools; The Bracey Reports 1991 – 97 published by Phi Delta Kappa. Bracey was a psychologist, not a public school employee but could see the obvious falsehoods of the attacks, did his own research, much like Dr. Ravitch now but it received, as might have been expected, very little coverage.
People in power wish to retain that power, now and throughout history, and it takes time, courage, and persistence to overcome that propaganda. Hitler had Goebels and Germany paid a horrendous price for following that propaganda. Look at the devastation of WWII, pictures at one time at least, below the Brandenburg gate to see the price a nation pays for following “false gods”. We can only hope, pray, and work diligently to save ourselves from catastrophe. Education in its best sense is the only antidote I can think of which may in the long run save us. Thank God for people like Dr. Ravitch who with scholarly research still seeks to promote the truth.
Finally a focus that can produce jobs in Arizona: the study of the cultural production of ignorance. We’ve got a whole legislature that could just cause a growth flash in that industry, plus a very vibrant ALEC and, of course, Cathy Herrod. Seriously though, I agree wholeheartedly that this scholar does need to turn his work towards education because corporate kool-aid, myths and fog machines are all working hand in hand to roll out corporate so-called reforms.
I hope you are not referring to the Governor’s call for “High Real World Standards”.
Who could be opposed to “world class standards” (Obama) in the “21st Century” except old fashioned slackers.
“Who could be opposed to “world class standards” (Obama) in the “21st Century” except old fashioned slackers.”
Me, but I’m not an old fashioned slacker but an old fashioned Swacker.
Bill Ackman, one of the robber barons and wolves of Sesame Street, is fighting another war at the same time to destroy Herbalife and he’s using the same tactics you mention. If Ackman wins, he stands to make hundreds of millions and maybe even a billion dollars.
If he loses, he will lose big.
Anyone who is interested may read what Ackman has been doing to manipulate the downfall of Herbalife. The problem, for Ackman, is that Herbalife has its wealthy allies who are fighting back with big money.
http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/daily-ticker/herbalife-ackman-lobbying-134045545.html
Lloyd, here’s a factoid for you. Antonio Villaraigosa, our high-living former L.A. mayor and star eduformer ($100 bottles of wine with his dinners), recently signed a contract to do PR for Herbalife. Just sayin’…
You’re changing the topic. What happens between a “Former” Mayor of Los Angeles and Herbalife (founded 1980) has nothing to do with the war being waged to destroy Herbalife by Bill Ackman.
You may have a negative opinion of Villaraigosa. That’s okay. But I have no opinion of this guy. I never lived in the city of Los Angeles. Southern California is much more than just LA.
He’s a politician and as my dad used to say all politicians are liars and are crooked so I’m not surprised by your criticism of him.
As for Ackman, he should have stayed away from the public schools.
If this guy is deliberately trying to destroy a company, that’s flat out wrong. As for Tony V, if I were Herbalife, I would not have hired him.
What if the management in Herbalife are corrupt to? Nothing new there. All the robber barons and wolves of Sesame Street are corrupt and willing to bribe an buy politicians and union leaders so Herbalife would fit right in if they use the same tactics.
Have you read “The Bully Pulpit” by Doris Kearns Goodwin?
If not, I suggest you should. From that book, you will learn that corruption is usually a cooperative venture where corporations bribe politicians and union leaders to gain an advantage in the market place that leads to more profits, wealth and power.
What happened at the turn of the 19th to 20th century is happening again today but in reverse. It’s eerie listening to that book (I bought the audio version on DVDs) because what was going on in the US then sounds exactly like this movement to profit off the taxes that fund the public schools.
Sometimes I feel very discouraged. The problem with power is that the ones who seek it most ardently are not usually people I look up to, and that’s putting it mildly.
I heard a story about Tommy Makem once calling for a seance to get in touch with the living. This is what we are up against. Funny the word is not on Google spell check.
Seance? I just Google it and it came up.
Lloyd, you shouldn’t be dabbling in the occult like that. The word was not recognized by my spell check. This gives new meaning to the word “Spell” check.
LOL
Google is the best spell check I’ve ever used. When Word’s spell check doesn’t work, Google has never failed. Just type what you think the word’s spelling is and presto, Google corrects it.
Well, almost always.
Off topic.
Not off topic. Achman is also waging a war against public education to profit from it. What he’s doing with herbalife shows motive, a pattern of greed and malice.
I just heard on NPR that he promises to donate any profits to charity (charter schools, perhaps?) I’m sure, however, his investors will want their cuts.
We see the parents and students EVERYDAY it is our job to get the word out there. Every chance you get to chat with your parents, your neighbors, your church members, do it. An educated public is an informed public. Remind them that most of what they see on TV or read in the newspapers is controlled by a very select ‘few’. Does this ‘few’s’ view represent the public’s best interestes? Probably not. But as a respected representative, of your own public school, you are thinking about their children’s best interests, try to convay that next time you get a chance to chat with the public. Let them know things are not as bad as they are portrayed in the press and that with the public’s help we, together, can make our local public school what WE want them to be!
I don’t know about every district, but in our small district in SW Ohio, we are instructed by our “principal” that we are NOT to speak to our neighbors about anything in our building unless it is positive support. Even as a retired teacher, I am afraid to publicly say anything that would create a ripple. The threat there is “I will make your life miserable” and if a person is on review(which is now every year 5x per year unannounced) she will undoubtedly “find” something to bring down scores.
I don’t know if it is this bad everywhere.
I do not dispute that FUD has the general meaning ascribed to it here.
However, for some reason I interpreted it as meaning “Fear, Uncertainty and Dread.”
However interpreted, a nasty bit of work that’s put to work for some nasty folks.
$tudent $ucce$$, anyone?
đźŽ
And be these juggling fiends no more believed,
That palter with us in a double sense
–William Shakespeare, Macbeth
According to the amusing Wikipedia article on the subject, agnotology is the intentional cultural production of ignorance. It’s what advertisers and the leaders of oligarchical states do. They manufacture ignorance in order to further their goals. When it became clear to the cigarette companies that their product was extremely dangerous to people’s health, they started running ads that read “9 out of 10 doctors agree, there’s not a cough in a carload.” That’s agnotology.
One of the primary means by which the agnotologist works is equivocation. Equivocation is a kind of lying that SOUNDS as though it might be true. To see agnotological equivocation brought to the level of a high art, you need but look no further than the webpage from the Common Core State Standards Organization (the CCSSO) that describes the “myths” surrounding the Common Core. Each “myth” described on the Common Core page and in other Education Deform propaganda is, in fact, the unspun truth. In other words, the Education Deformers are highly accomplished agnotologists. A few examples will illustrate their technique:
“The Common Core State Standards were developed by teachers”
means that teachers had almost nothing to do with them, that a few teachers were selected to rubber stamp work done by amateurs from outside the profession who were hired with money from plutocrats and given the task of hacking those standards together based on the lowest-common-denominator groupthink of the state standards that preceded them.
“The standards were freely adopted by the states”
means that the USDOE gave the states no choice but to adopt them or suffer severe penalties that would come from not getting NCLB waivers. The “State” in “Common Core State Standards” is, quite simply, a lie. The standards were not developed by states but by a PRIVATELY HELD pair of organizations that hold a copyright on them.
“The new standards will unleash powerful market forces to encourage innovation”
means that the national standards will create markets at a scale at which only monopolistic providers of unimaginative educational materials can compete. It means the Walmartization, the Microsofting of U.S. education. It also means that in due time the CCSSO and the National Governor’s Association, or NGA, will start using the legal system to control the market for educational materials by deciding what materials will and will not receive its OK to claim alignment with its PRIVATELY HELD standards.
“The states are free to adapt the standards as they see fit”
means that the states can’t change them at all, that the most states can do is to add a few, but very few, standards to the CC$$ bullet list. The number of standards added can be no more than 15 percent of the total, and otherwise, the standards must be adopted without change (and without any mechanisms for change in the future other than the whim of the private organization that created the standards to begin with).
“The plutocrats have no seat at the table where educational policy is made” (Arne Duncan)
means that a small group of plutocrats paid for and directed the creation of the standards, the revised FERPA regulations, the new VAM systems, and the USDE technology blueprint. It also means that those same plutocrats are providing a lot of the money that is going into the development and marketing of the new national online bubble tests. It means that education policy is being made based on what serves the financial interests of the plutocrats. It means that the current deforms are the plutocrats’ business plan.
“The standards are not a curriculum”
means, in math, that they are a curriculum outline and in ELA that a) they dramatically narrow the possibilities for curricula and b) contain a great many items that clearly do specify curricula
“The standards don’t tell you how to teach” or “The standards do not specify pedagogical approaches
means that some pedagogical approaches are required in order for the standards, as worded, to be met and that MOST APPROACHES that might be conceived by independent teachers, scholars, researchers, and curriculum developers are precluded.
“The new national tests introduce breakthroughs in question types in order to test high-order thinking”
means that some minor online variants of fill-in-the-blank, matching, ordering, and other stock bubble test questions types have been introduced. So, for example, instead of filling in a blank, the student clicks on and moves an item to a blank.
“US schools are falling behind on international tests, thus making the standards and new national assessments necessary,”
means that US schools appear to be performing poorly if one does not correct for the socioeconomic status of the kids taking the test. If one does correct for SES, US schools and students lead the world.
“The Secretary of Education is the chief officer of the national public school system”
means that he is the fellow whom the oligarchs have put in charge of dismantling that system and replacing it with online and brick-and-mortar charters, voucher systems, and private schools run by well-connected profiteers.
“We’ve seen great improvements due to the accountability system put in place by NCLB”
means that scores have been almost flat and that the more than a decade of standards-and-testing that was supposed to “Leave no child behind” hasn’t worked at all to change overall outcomes or to put a dent in the achievement gap.
Poverty is not destiny”
means that the powers that be are going to ignore poverty and use the whips of VAM and testing instead.
So, agnotology, and, in particular, agnotology via equivocation, has become the PRIMARY MEANS OF GOVERNANCE of our K-12 educational system. In other words, our national education policies are, cynically, being formulated and enforced via LIES and, in particular, via means of that variety of LYING known as EQUIVOCATION.
And the leaders (LIARS) doing this governance are counting on having made the public so ignorant, via such equivocation, that it will not oppose their complete circumvention of democratic processes.
They are counting on the fact that their plutocrats, the guys with the checkbooks, can buy all the PR that is needed to keep the people in ignorance.
That’s how things work in a banana republic. The plutocrats purchase the political muscle to carry out their plans. In time, that muscle, the leaders/liars don’t even try to hide the fact that they are lying. They do it completely shamelessly. In fact, being able to lie shamelessly without having anyone call you out on it is a sign of enormous power, and to such people, to quote Kissinger’s infamous line, “Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac.”
cx: That’s how things work in a banana republic. The plutocrats purchase the political muscle to carry out their plans. In time, that muscle, stops using equivocation, which is an interim measure. The leaders/liars don’t even try to hide the fact that they are lying. They do it completely shamelessly. In fact, being able to lie shamelessly without having anyone call you out on it is a sign of enormous power, and to such people, to quote Kissinger’s infamous line, “Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac.”
Bob Shepherd: good summation.
Thank you for putting this all in one place.
đźŽ
You’re welcome, Krazy. Most readers of this blog know all this, but I thought it important to make the list, for doing so clearly illustrates the pattern of deception. In every case, the claim can be construed as true by those not paying much attention but is actually terribly, terribly false. The liars are counting on our having become a nation of folks who do not read past the headline being scrolled across the screen. The oligarchs in the US are masters of the soundbite.
And that’s just what Orwell predicted, isn’t it?
Time to tell Gates, Broad, the Walton’s, et. al. to FUD off.
amen to that
Thanks for the summary.
I had a brief email exchange with a tech enthusiast at the Brookings Institution who is so naive about the CCSS that he thinks these standards will enable reliable and valid solutions to the design of algorithms that will predict what students should learn and where learning has gone wrong. No teacher needed, only big data and algorithms that do not question test scores based on the CCSS. He is also interested in seeing educational services standardized in about the same way that the ISO sets standards for specific procedures for quality control in engineering, the production of goods, etc. Dangerous minds who have little or no interest in questioning the consequences of their enthusiasms.
Laura Chapman,
You must have spoken to a young intern at Brookings. No one with children believes that learning can be reduced to an algorithm
“Dangerous minds” indeed.
Screw threads need to be standardized. Students do not. A complex, diverse, pluralistic society needs the differing potentials of differing students to be recognized and nurtured in differing ways appropriate to those students and their goals.
A few of the most ignorant of the deformers actually believe that learning can be neatly summarized in a list of bullet points. These brain dead philistines don’t understand that there are many, many ways in which to be a good thinker, writer, reader, speaker, etc., and that there are many ways in which to create them–ways that good teachers vary to suit their students and their needs. The actually think that the Powerpointing of U.S. education is a good EDUCATIONAL idea. Occasionally, some ignorant troll appears on this blog and espouses such a view, and such a person simply embarrasses himself or herself.
The movers and shakers behind this stuff, however, are not that stupid. They don’t actually BELIEVE that the bullet list is a good idea. But they need the bullet list to correlate their national online materials to, if, that is, they are to be able to compete monopolistically, at scale. That’s why they paid to have the “standards” created. The national standards and tests were part of a business plan.
Obviously, no one except the really stupid would be foolish enough to think that a list drawn up by a couple of amateurs would represent the best possible thinking about outcomes to be measured and learning progressions to be followed for all students of math and ELA.
This phenomenon is simply an organized macro-version of what the murderer that we were talking about yesterday, Michael and to some extent Rosie all do at the personal level.
When I first looked at the Common Core Standards one of my first thoughts was, “There are no media literacy standards.” In our media-driven society, our students must learn how to navigate the media landscape and recognize propaganda. Of course, if media literacy were included in the CCSS students might eventually recognize as propaganda the messages they receive from Microsoft, Wal-Mart, the College Board, etc… Can’t have that.
I think you will find that the CCSS standards for ELA contain a number of references to media literacy.
I did a key-word search looking for references to art and art-related concepts. This turned up a number of references to ideas related to media literacy.
This is to say that the ELA standards address media literacy, but not in a manner that favors any deep understanding of propaganda and spin.
In the lower grades, media literacy means understanding information conveyed through illustrated books, diagrams, charts, maps, and the like. There is an implicit assumption that these forms of visualization are merely “informational.”
More formal studies begin in grade six when students are supposed to analyze film, television, the Internet and interactive media giving attention to the messages conveyed by design strategies that combine words, audio, visual, and special effects. There is no provision within the standards for learning about these “design strategies,” or their utility for varied purposes, or the consequences (intended, unintended) of their effective use. In general, discussions of the media are biased to favor messages converyed in words as superior to non-disursive forms of communication.
Finally, in order to meet standards for “integrating knowledge” students must show they can create coherent multi-media productions. Although these expectations have implications for prior or concurrent learning in the arts and in social studies, the Standards do not address these matters.
I conclude that these lip-service mentions of “the media” under the banner of teaching for literacy are not intended to have real substance. Some are designed to produce the illusion of “rigor” on Integrating knowledge
Here is an example. Under “Integration of Knowledge and Ideas” Standard RL.9-10.7 students in grades 9-10 are supposed to “Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each treatment (e.g., Auden’s “MusĂ©e des Beaux Arts” and Breughel’s Landscape with “Fall of Icarus”).”
This standard and the example are identical to a benchmark assignment in the Achieve’s American Diploma Project where a credit line shows the source is an Introductory English Survey Course at Sam Houston University, Huntsville, TX. See Achieve (2004) American Diploma Project, Ready or Not: Creating a High School Diploma That Counts, http://www.achieve.org/readyornot
This standard and the example also shows that CCSS “rigor,” means that it is OK to make 9th or 10th grade assignments the same as a college assignment (and one that is a so common that sample essays are all over the Internet).
PARCC’s initial plans for assessments called for students to prepare end- of -year multi-media productions in order to demonstrate they had met the standards bearing on “integrating knowledge.” Dumped…too time consuming and no affordable computer-based scoring system.
This is all part of a bigger picture. “We are all right-wingers now: How Fox News, ineffective liberals, corporate Dems and GOP money captured everything”
http://www.salon.com/2014/03/09/we_are_all_right_wingers_now_how_fox_news_ineffective_liberals_corporate_dems_and_gop_money_captured_everything/
Excellent article, thanks for the link Cosmic Tinker!
FUD accurately describes the work of Idaho’s Albertson Foundation. On a daily basis, Idahoans hear announcements stating how poorly it’s schools and children perform. Trouble is when you go beyond their cherry picked data, the story is different. On February 25, readers of the Idaho Statesman were treated to yet another example of FUD http://www.idahostatesman.com/2014/02/25/3048568/state-desperately-needs-leaders.html In the article, Jamie McMillan refers to Idaho’s “death spiral”. Now that’s a propaganda term!
Albertsons plans to swallow up Safeway in Californis, so I expect we’ll be getting the benefit of the foundation here.
Dear Mr. Proctor,
I have read with great interest Mr. Hilzik’s recent article on your work re: Cultural Production of Ignorance and wonder if you have done any investigation on the past 45 years of the media’s assault on public education.
In 1968, in San Francisco, I happened upon a pamphlet distributed by the John Birch Society, directed at public education. It was a shocking proposal that public education in America should be shut down entirely. I wish now that I had kept it, because I can find nothing about it on the internet, but I know I read it, and at the time, laughed at it and discarded it as a crazy notion put out by a crazy political fringe group.
Since then, as a public school teacher and administrator (now retired) I have thought of that pamphlet hundreds of times, every time I read another attack of public education in the LA Times. (And I’ve cancelled my subscription a couple of times in disgust, but always come back, addicted to my morning paper and coffee.) I’ve watched the evolution of vouchers, charters, Alec legislation, and corporate “reform” movements, all based on the false premise that public education is failing our children.
As Diane Ravitch points out in “Reign of Error”, we’ve been fed a heap of lies. Everyone wants public education to be better than it is, but it is successful, veteran educators who know how to improve it, not the Gates, Broad, Walton, Bloomberg coalition.
Who is behind the media attack on public education? If anyone would know, it would be you. I hope you will direct some attention to this.
Robin Lithgow
Retired LAUSD administrator
Thank you, Robin Lithgow. Having grown up in Southern California, and taught in LAUSD for almost 16 years, it is good to hear from a retired administrator who dares to speak the truth about all the lies in the media. Virtually all of the administrators I was around echoed the party line. They either believed the party line or feared to disagree. Over the weekend I heard about an administrator who was praised by teachers and parents as the best they had ever worked with who was “disappeared” from her campus. Nobody knows where she is. It is said she had an argument with someone in administration. In these perilous times in the LAUSD, many interpret this event as an attempt to stifle any opposition to the status quo. Her friends and students leafleted the school yesterday. The sooner Deasey is gone, the better off the Los Angeles school community will be no matter what the Los Angeles Times says.
Once again I refer readers to the brilliant 1995 book “The Manufactured Crisis” which took apart all of the propaganda against public education. Diane Ravitch’s works pick up where Berliner and Biddle left off.
“Consider the man of average intelligence…” Mark Twain
Yep! Lies about Social Security and Obamacare are right up there with lies about Public Education. “Boobus Americanus” lives.
keith in denver
Local Long Island paper Newsday speaks of the “deep” fears of the parents that Opt Out.
Paper reported 9,000 when there were 20,000. Now that’s “deep” fears.