Archives for category: Teacher Evaluations

Dr. Stephen Mucher is an assistant professor of history and
education at Bard College. In
this public radio interview
, he explains the original
(and still valid!) purpose of teacher evaluation.

Professors visited classrooms not to grade teachers, but to learn about
instruction and how to improve it. It was a mutual endeavor,
intended to help, not to destroy and punish and fire. History has
much to teach us, if only we are willing to learn.

Here is my take, not Mucher’s:

The current era of teacher evaluation can be traced
to the social efficiency movement that began with the work of
Frederick Winslow Taylor. His time-and-motion studies emphasized
the importance of measuring the worker’s output and challenging all
workers to meet the same metric. In the 1920s, efficiency experts
took a leading role in the field of curriculum and instruction. Men
like John Franklin Bobbitt and W.W. Charters devised elaborate
checklists to measure teacher quality. Bobbitt came up with
cost-benefit analyses for subject matter, and he decided that Latin
should be discarded because it cost too much and produced nothing
of value, by his measures.

I wrote about the efficiency movement in
my 2000 book Left Back: A Century of Battles Over School
Reform.
The original title was Left Back: A
Century of Failed School Reforms.
I hated the title and
I hated the subtitle. The editor at Simon & Schuster, Alice
Mayhew–a legendary figure–insisted that the title had to have the
word “fail” in it. When the book came out in paperback, I was
allowed to change the subtitle to more accurately reflect the
content of the book (forgive the split infinitive).

The New York Times published an online debate about what is needed next in NYC.

Pedro Noguera, Geoffrey Canada, So Stern and I weigh in.

Who is defending the status quo? You decide.

This is a terrific new book with essays showing what a farce the current test-based evaluation of teachers is.

It includes the work of several distinguished scholars who understand that it is farcical to judge teacher “quality” by using the scores on standardized tests.

I was happy to write the introduction.

Read the description and you will want to read the book.

One major finding: No state is using the teacher evaluations to improve instruction, only to punish and reward teachers.

This is a hugely valuable book that will help push back against dumb ideas.

New York won $700 million in Race to the Top funding, which involved a commitment to measure teacher effective meant in significant part by test scores of their students. This theory, which Arne Duncan has imposed on the nation’s schools by using federal funds as a lure, has not worked anywhere. It has failed everywhere. Its main consequence is to demoralize teachers, like the one who wrote this comment:

“I am sick to my stomach over this APPR plan in NY. I just received my score, and I am two points away from being “effective” as a teacher. I scored 58/60 on my instructional practices which is effective. I scored effective on my local measurement, and I scored developing on my state measurement which was the ELA 7th grade exam.

“My students, as well as many others, tanked on the exam, so because of that, I am now a teacher who has to have an improvement plan. What should my plan include? More test prep? Teaching kids how to bubble in circles?

“This whole plan is absurd. I know I make a difference in children’s lives. This testing obsession is ruining education, our children, and our teachers. I come in early, leave late, work at home, volunteer for a million things, and yet am now deemed developing by some politically driven evaluation plan.

“Cuomo should come in and do what I do on a daily basis. He would get eaten alive. I’m actually questioning whether I can teach for the next 20 years. It’s all I’ve ever wanted to do, but this APPR garbage is effectively forcing out some of the best teachers I’ve worked with. I may be next.”

E.D. Hirsch, Jr., the founder of the Core Knowledge curriculum, wrote an article opposing value-added teacher evaluation, especially in reading. Hirsch supports the Common Core but thinks it may be jeopardized by the rush to test it and tie the scores to teacher evaluations. He knows this will encourage teaching to the test and other negative consequences.

Hirsch believes that if teachers teach strong subject matter, their students will do well on the reading tests. But he sees the downside of tying test scores to salary and jobs.

He writes:

“The first thing I’d want to do if I were younger would be to launch an effective court challenge to value-added teacher evaluations on the basis of test scores in reading comprehension. The value-added approach to teacher evaluation in reading is unsound both technically and in its curriculum-narrowing effects. The connection between job ratings and tests in ELA has been a disaster for education.”

He is right. Will the so-called reformers who recently became Hirschians listen?

In an earlier post, Arthur Goldstein explained the absurd
evaluation scheme adopted at his school, where teachers will be
allocated the score for the whole school if they do not teach a
tested subject. This reader asks the question that Butch Cassidy
asked the Sundance Kid: Who ARE these Guys? Meaning, this is so
crazy, it makes no sense, why are they doing this to us?

This reader wonders too:

“Then Da Vinci was right. “”The supreme misfortune is when theory outstrips performance.” Because depending on some of the choices NYC schools will have to make, good teachers may suffer just because they are in a low performing school while poor teachers may shine because they are in high performing schools. The whole thing sounds like “luck of the draw” to me. It’s either that or we have entered a dystopian novel where the present will suffer only to hopefully let the future try to understand our mistakes. The problem is that real and honest people are involved here. Honest, hard working teachers with mortgages and family. Honest and hard working teachers with rents to pay. Honest and hard working teachers who dreamed of making a difference who now have loans. Honest and hard working teachers with plans to grow a family. Your reply confirms the absolute absurdity of the whole thing. If no one understands it, then how in the world did it come to be? Is everyone who participated in this confusing mess idiots? As a native New Yorker I can only ask: what neighborhoods did these people grow up in? Who raised these people?”

This is a letter from Arthur Goldstein to his colleagues at Francis Lewis High School in Queens, New York. Arthur is chapter chair of his school, where he teaches English language learners. He also had a terrific blog called NYC Educator.

This is what he told the staff about the new teacher evaluation system:

 

Dear colleagues:

Today our Measures of Student Learning Committee met to decide precisely how thoroughly invalid junk science measures will be used to rate teachers in Francis Lewis High School. We had several choices. We based our choices on the information available to us, which was very little.

Our first choice was whether to use goal or growth measures. We were told that goal measures entailed inventing tests or projects. These tests or projects would then be sent to the insane ideologues at the NYC Department of Education who would set goals. The goals could have been different for individual students, which could mean ringing 170 different bells.

Were you to disagree with the goals set by the DOE, you would have the option of submitting reasons and appealing to the principal, who would either deny your appeal or submit your reasons and appeal to the DOE for reconsideration.

Given the tremendous amount of work we have ahead of us this year, we opted for growth models, although we have little or no idea how they will be calculated. For state measures, some were mandated to reflect individual classes of teachers. In those cases, we opted to have department results reflect the local measures. In other words, your department Regents results could be the local measures. This would reflect not only the exams in areas you teach, but those given by your entire department. For example, if you teach algebra, the results in geometry and trigonometry will also be part of your local measures.

We aimed, in general, to make measures as broad as possible. Wherever possible, we tried to avoid competition between teachers and groups of teachers. We do not want teachers to feel they would be hurting themselves by, for example, tutoring students of their colleagues.  

If there was a state exam and individual class results were not mandated, your department results were your growth measure. In those cases, we opted to have the local measure be your department results. In this system, if the state measure was also department results, local growth would be measured by the lowest third of your department results. Because there is no logic, rhyme or reason to this system, we were prohibited from using the same standard twice.

If your subject, like music, art, or physical education, does not have a state assessment, your evaluation would be based on schoolwide state tests. Your local evaluation would be based on the lowest third of schoolwide state tests.

We did not have the option of evaluating what teachers actually do, as the geniuses in Albany and DC, many of whom send their children to private schools where this nonsense does not apply, appear to have determined that teachers teach tests rather than students.

We will discuss this further when we meet on Tuesday and Wednesday. I’m afraid I have no more details than these on this system. However, we will revisit it next year, by which time we’ll hopefully have a better idea on what does and does not work in our school.

Let me be clear—I hate this system and virtually everything about it. But as our union leadership had a hand in writing the law imposing this on us, and as John King had carte blanche to impose pretty much whatever reformy nonsense he saw fit, we are stuck with it.

We will make the best of it, and work to bring sanity in education back to our city and state soon. Sadly, that won’t be happening this year.

Best regards,

Arthur

This reader responds to the findings
of the PDK/Gallup poll
, which showed a shift in public
opinion against testing, against using test scores to evaluate
teachers, and against public release of teacher personnel files and
ratings. “We said last year that we had a lot of hard work to do,
to inform and educate the parents we work with, to organize
communities and form effective coalitions of resistance…We said
it was going to be a herculean task. For the past year we each have
been busy doing just that. (I held a series of advocatcy workshps
for parents at my school, with my principal’s blessing) We have
been relentless promoting our cause in the media and on the
internet…constant unrelenting communicating and informing, always
learning. Knowledge is power. “Now we discover that since last
year, the percentages have shifted in favor of teachers, teacher
concerns and Public Education. I ask you, “Who said American public
educators are not effective teachers?” Just look at what we have
accomplished in a year! “We are AMAZING educators and incredible
motivators…Congratulations everyone (((cheers)))
(((applause)))… “Now we need to keep at it until every classroom
in our great nation is FREE of the corporate influence. Keep active
educating other teachers and supporting parents and encouraging
students to organize…the battle is shifting in our favor and it
is a battle, but the war is far from over. We can do
this!”

A group called the Campaign for High School Equity made
news the other day when it criticized Arne Duncan’s NCLB waivers
and complained that the waivers might reduce the amount of
high-stakes testing for poor and minority students. Mike Petrilli
at the conservative think tank Thomas B. Fordham Institute
challenged me to admit that the civil rights groups were leading
the charge to protect high-stakes testing. I accepted his
challenge. It didn’t make sense, on the face of it, that civil
rights groups would want more testing. Every standardized test in
the world reflects socioeconomic status, family education and
income. Testing measures advantage and disadvantage. Some kids defy
the odds, but the odds strongly predict that the have-not kids will
be at the bottom of the bell curve. They will be labeled as
failures. They may get help, they may not. But one thing is sure:
standardized testing is not a tool to advance civil rights. Testing
is not teaching. Low scores do not produce more resources or higher
achievement. More testing does not improve learning. It increase
rote learning, teaching to the test, narrowing the curriculum, and
sometimes, cheating. So who is this group and why does it want more
testing. First,
the article that Mike forwarded to me
. It says that the
waivers are allowing too many schools to avoid the consequences of
being low-performing. In other words, the Campaign for High School
Equity prefers the draconian consequences of No Child Left Behind
and the punitive labels attached to schools based on high-stakes
testing. Of course, their statement also makes it appear that Arne
Duncan is trying to water down punishments and high-stakes testing,
when nothing could be further from the truth. Who is part of the
Campaign for High School Equity? It includes the following groups:
National
Urban League
National
Council of La Raza
National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People
The
Leadership Conference Education Fund
Mexican
American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
League
of United Latin American Citizens
National
Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials Educational
Fund
Alliance
for Excellent Education
National
Indian Education Association
Southeast
Asia Resource Action Center
Why are they in favor of
high-stakes testing, even though the evidence is overwhelming that
NCLB has failed the children they represent? I can’t say for sure,
but this I do know. The Campaign for High School Equity is funded
by the Gates Foundation. It received a grant of nearly $500,000.
Some if not all of its members have also received grants from Gates
to support the CHSE. The NAACP
received $1 million
from Gates to do so. LULAC
received $600,000
to support the CHSE. The Alliance
for Excellent Education received $2.6 million
“to promote
public will for effective high school reform.” The Leadership
Conference on Civil Rights Fund received
$375,000 from the Gates Foundation
to support CHSE. The
National
Association of Latino Appointed
and Elected Officials is
Gates-funded, though not for this specific program. The National
Indian Education Fund received
Gates funding
to participate in CHSE. The Southeast Asia
Resource
Action Center was funded by Gates
to participate in CHSE. The others are not Gates-funded.

When CHSE demands more high-stakes testing,
more labeling of schools as “failed,” more public school closings,
more sanctions, more punishments, they are not speaking for communities
of color. They are speaking for the Gates Foundation.

Whoever is actually speaking for minority communities and children of color is
advocating for more pre-school education, smaller class sizes,
equitable resources, more funding of special education, more
funding for children who are learning English, experienced
teachers, restoration of budget cuts, the hiring of social workers
and guidance counselors where they are needed, after-school
programs, and access to medical care for children and their
families.

Bill Gates has spent hundreds of millions of dollars in
search of an answer to the question: “What makes a good teacher?”
Arne Duncan, building on his record in Chicago, knows what makes a
good teacher: It is the teacher who raises test scores, and he has
spent billions of dollars to induce every state to agree with him.

Here, the students of Madison,
Connecticut explain what makes a good teac
her. What do
they look for? Someone who is kind and patient. Someone who helps them. Someone who encourages them. There, that was easy, and it
didn’t cost billions of dollars.