Blogger Stonepooch.com explains why high-stakes tests do not provide accountability and undermine the very purpose of education. After a bit of digging, I learned that said blogger has been teaching middle school English for 30 years in public and private schools.
Here is an excerpt:
If you don’t count undeserving people in high places or a burgeoning education reform industry of paid tweeters, bloggers and think tank thinkers, high stakes testing, known ironically as accountability, is currently among the most unaccountable of unaccountable things in American education today. It is unaccountable in the very thing that it purports to account for: the measurement and evaluation of learning, teachers and schools. It does none of these things well.
The most obvious reason for this is that staked testing shifts the priority from what will help a child to what will help the adults that teach her. High stakes advocates will argue that a high stake is the best way to insure that adult and child concerns are identical. But, in practice, this turns out to be untrue. A high stake explicitly reduces the child to evidence of adult performance. Students aren’t first; scores are first.
It’s a simple arithmetic. Most skills in the Common Core (or local variant) are untested; a teacher is valued through skills that are tested. Therefore, tested skills are more important than untested skills regardless of their value to the student. A stake advocate may argue (disingenuously) that a good teacher will always prioritize the student’s need, and that may be true… but only if those needs are not in conflict with the goals established for them by the state. That would be silly.. possibly even insubordinate. A lesson that prioritizes untested skills and opportunities is of low priority interest to administrators and a risk for a teacher whose goal must be to prove her value each year. The best advice to is to remove untested content in order to produce better scores. Test advocates will argue… “oh, but there is all that other criteria that counts in teacher evaluation”, but this too is an invalid argument. Regardless of the quality of other measures, the ultimate measure of the school is in its scores. If test scores are high, the teacher has met the criteria that measures the district, school and principal.
If this sounds like a corruption of mission, it is, and there is loads of evidence that a high stake corrupts the mission of schools …whether through carrot and stick incentives which encourage unethical behavior (Washington DC and Atlanta), through the demoralizing impact of indiscriminate goal setting or through the valuing of students by their scores. This last is especially true for those schools that pick, choose and remove students at will. For such schools, a child who is unlikely or unable to meet a given criteria, or who develops or produces later than the mean, is a risk for all the adults working there. In essence, the state has defined every child as an added measure in support of the teacher, the school or the franchise.
Stonepooch goes on to explain that Eva Moskowitz’s Success Academy charter chain is a good example of the meaninglessness of high-stakes testing. Her students get high scores on state scores, but very few have ever won admission to a selective high school. Why? Preparing for one test does not prepare for other tests. The tests don’t measure anything of lasting importance.
Real accountability begins at the top, not the bottom. The people who control the money control policy. If they don’t like the results, they should change their policies or fire themselves. At the very least, they should take the tests they mandate and publish their scores.

Diane,
You and your readers need to know this.
Every day when I awake I look for your posts!!!! Then throughout the day, when I have the time, I also look for what you posted since the morning. And even at night, while in bed, I look for your posts.
See? YOUR BLOG MATTERS.
THANK YOU!!!!
LikeLike
Yes, and often with a little gift…. like finding stonepooch after doing a little digging.
LikeLike
Yes! Yes! And YES!
LikeLike
As a result of high stakes testing, the emphasis is on scores, not students. This preoccupation with scores has resulted in a number of ways that systems and schools try to game the system. Students are shortchanged when the curriculum becomes narrowed to focus on testable content. Struggling students lose if they are shifted to a separate and unequal school to avoid the penalties of low scores. The pressure to perform contributes to less access to quality instruction and greater inequality.
The belief that “free market” will solve problems has also resulted in greater inequality. Choice systems have resulted in schools for “winners” and “losers” with poor minorities being the biggest losers along with public schools. Billionaires and corporations have inserted themselves into policy by buying representatives to influence policy. The biggest push for more charters is not from families and parents; it is from hedge funds and the wealthy. This is a another form of gaming the system that tilts any concept of free market into a rigged market.
Despite these inequities, we are about to engage in another round of free market madness with vouchers. Even though it makes no sense, we will engage in more policy to harm public schools and poor students. Peter Greene’s post today describes how free market practice works against the poor. It is a very clear and simple picture of what is happening. http://curmudgucation.blogspot.com/2017/02/free-market-vs-poor.html
LikeLike
I live in Davis, California, a college town (home to UC Davis) and I have been following standardized testing in my local school district ever since NCLB.
Our school district went through the whole exercise of evaluating standardized test score improvement for designated subgroups at issue in the achievement gap — English Language Learners, low income, Latino students. Often modest gains were noted.
As we switched over to SBAC (called CAASPP in California), a new subgroup was made available publicly for the first time — parent education level. There are five categories of parent education level — did not graduate from HS, HS graduate, some college (but did not complete a bachelor’s degree, and graduate degree.
In our district there is a very high percentage of students (88%) from families who have had at least some college exposure, but also a very high percentage (57%) who come from families with graduate/professional degrees. Only 8% of our students come from families with no college.
In evaluating the past couple of years of standardized test scores, the true achievement gap stands out when looking at parent education level — students who have parents with higher levels of education score higher than the state average. Those with parents who don’t have college education score below the state average. And, in general, the trend seems to be that in later grades the gap widens. So that 11th graders from college educated families have even higher than average test scores, where as their classmates from families without college education have even lower than average test scores.
So what happened with those modest improvements in the achievement gap that were noted under NCLB? In a university community it is very possible to have highly educated parents who have students who are ELL (they’re often foreign scholars), who are low income (they’re often families with a parent in grad school, or maybe an underemployed single parent), or are Latino (UC Davis does a reasonably good job of improving the diversity of its staff, and their kids go to the local schools). Year after year improvements, I suspect, were due to increasing numbers of parents in the above situation, masking no improvement in children without college educated parents.
It’s like a whole decade+ of effort did not make improvements where it really counted, in helping students from non-college educated families get closer to the opportunity to go to college. Not something to be proud of, especially for the home of a university that prides itself in serving first-generation students, which makes up a little more than 30% of the undergraduate population.
LikeLike
Since learning is not incremental but exponential, the gap widens as kids go through school. Even though the non-college educated parents’ kids may improve, it will not show up until the college educated parents’ kids stop learning. Then those tortoises might catch up as they go through graduate and post doc programs and surpass the rabbits.
LikeLike
Actually, the averages for each cohort (by parent education level) were compared to the state average for that parent ed. level cohort, and the student from non-college educated families fell further below average with each grade, where as the college educated families improved over the state average for that ed-level cohort.
It’s a more drastic kind of widening gap than you might imagine.
LikeLike
The truth about charters and all schools putting testing first has to emerge, but as its own issue.
A separate issue is discipline (bubble mouth, berating, chanting, excessive control, etc.)
And another separate issue is the Common Core curriculum itself, which many schools mistakenly use to ramp up the content through the grade levels: 1st grade becomes 2nd grade, 2nd grade becomes 3rd, etc.
These are intertwined, but should be exposed and debunked separately.
And I haven’t even gotten to privatization yet! Or DeVos!
LikeLike
VERY SUCCINCTLY SAID: high stakes testing, known ironically as accountability, is currently among the most unaccountable of unaccountable things in American education today
LikeLike
No-Account Deformers, NAers, NADs.
LikeLike
Next book:
The Unaccountables
LikeLike
The insult we teachers are subjected to by EOCs (end of course exams) and other end-of-year “metrics of learning” is a joke. If someone really cared about learning in my science classes they would come and look at the portfolio of work the students are creating (the labs, worksheets, lecture notes, power points, quizzes and tests, projects, etc.) These all document and support that efficacious teaching and meaningful learning are occurring throughout the year in my classes. So, why must it be documented again at the end of the year with an EOC????
Does an EOC prove long-term retention has occurred? Just how long-term and permanent should the knowledge be coded into the neural schema? If one wants to document learning at the end of the year, why not test again 2 years later to document whatever has been retained then; why not test 4 yrs later to document “superior long-term retention”????
If my role as chemistry and physics teacher is to expose students to science, in an enriching, relevant and meaningful way (knowing that unless they repeat the subject in the future they may forget 90% of it) then how obsessed should I be (should state and federal policy be) about proving long-term retention?
The fact is we only retain and permanently learn that which we need for our careers and personal interests. So, why should I care about proving (rehearsing?) learning in an EOC, if 90% is lost after one year, and only the students that need the topic in the career training will ever need to study it again.
Learning occurs in formative and summative steps, but just how summative does one need to be? We’ve made testing and documenting learning into a monster that is so unrealistic to real-world goals and objectives, and an insult to our profession and craft. The state of FL is essentially telling me “your products of learning in the portfolios is meaningless, learning can only be proven by an EOC.”
Really? My job as a teacher is only to prepare for an EOC and not expose student to science and enrich their lives by it, regardless if it can be documented by a low-level factoid multiple-choice test at the end of the year. What BS!!!!
LikeLike
And there’s a whole science predicated on this BS, VAM.
LikeLike
VAM – Very Arbitrary Measures… The American Statistical Assoc came out a couple years ago with a summary that at best a teacher’s efforts correlate about 12% to test scores, the rest of the inputs being factors outside the teacher’s control (ex. family support, student self-efficacy views, etc.) So, we are the scapegoats for societies ills; Johny goes home to a second step-dad, is disillusioned with his family life, plays X-box too much, shows no desire to learn and get skills for the future, does poor in EOCs….ad-infinitum, but I’ll get blamed for his lack of performance. Yup, that is justice?
LikeLike
Here’s is a letter I posted to our local school board members in Miami, FL:
The Golden Rule of Accountabilty:
VAM unto others as you would have others VAM unto you
To: School, District and State Educational Administrators
From: Your Passionate, Professional and Committed Teachers
Re: VAM (Value Added Models, or Very Arbitrary Measures)
Dear Administrators and Pedagogical Theoreticians:
Since you believe teachers should be held accountable for results and have a proportion of their paycheck tied to test results, then you must also believe that you too should have part of your paycheck determined by test results. If you disagree with this then tell us why; give us a rationale for your hypocrisy.
Teachers complain that VAM statistics ignore some basic variables (ex. socioeconomic levels) and that they will be blamed for poor performance (aka: low test scores) for factors that are beyond the control and scope of their classrooms and influence. They will even point out all the variables that lie within the affective domain (desire, perseverance, work-ethic, love to learn, will to self-actualize [self-efficacy]) are primarily developed within the domain of the family (after all, family support-input is the primary predictor of success in school and post-secondary pursuits). Yet, under VAM teachers will get the blame for low performance, even though the equations are supposed to consider primary factors (but ignore socioeconomics and family). So even when we do our best some kids will not learn in spite of our efforts, though our paychecks will suffer.
So, then you too dear administrators must get blamed for events beyond your control, because if “it takes a village to raise a child”, then all in the village should suffer the negative reinforcement (lower paycheck) when the child fails.
We, teachers, may decide to blame you for your possibly deficient leadership or ineffective mentoring, or buying junky curriculum, or…? If, in the metaphor of the learning-village, part of our effectiveness as teachers is tied to your effectiveness as leaders and guides, then you too should be held accountable!
Are VAM (Value-Added Model, or Very Arbitrary Measure) truly unbiased and take into account as many covariates, or confounding variables (and factor these out), so that the “signal to noise ratio” is significant. One analysis by the American Statistical Association showed that only 1-14% of VAM data variability was affected by teacher input, the other 86% to non-teacher factors. So, the signal-to-noise ratio of most districts’ VAMs are 86% noise, and at best 14% signal (effects “created” by teacher input).
Yet, if this is true, then should not next year’s merit pay schedule only show, at most, a 14% salary gain for high VAM values? Why should salaries change more than 14% if teacher influence on test scores is less than or equal to that value?
By the way, I have asked UTD and MDCPS (my principal) when and where the 2 salary schedules (PSC, CC or Merit Pay?) for next year, when all of SB 736 is to be implemented, yet nobody knows where to find them. Is MDCPS working hard and fast to get these published, so that teachers can see their choices for next year? I thought by August 2014 the full Merit Pay choice is supposed to be implemented, but I hear nothing from the district about this.
If VAMs don’t consider socio-economic levels, or past or current family life, then they are biased and will ignore the work of those who teach lower-level students, or may be handicapped against those who teach upper-level students. For example, is the value of helping out a low income, inner-city, child go from a 1 to a 2 in the FCAT, the same as that teaching in a rich suburb and having a score go from a 3 to a 4? Intuition would say no; that it might take more work (and therefore more value?) to help out the student who grew up in a less-fortunate environments.
Will VAM statistics factor this into account? If so, how, and if not then they are seriously flawed. Should VAMs be handicapped, so that gains made in the lower 1/3 of the student population are weighted more than the upper 1/3, because it takes more teacher-effort to raise the lower 1/3? If little or no gains are made by the upper 1/3 is it because they have poor teachers, or that it is more difficult to create gains with groups already in the 80-90 percentiles? I don’t believe VAM equations look at these variables, but then the real mystery is that most of the equations districts use are hidden and cryptic, only found in research journals that analyze and comment upon them, but not out in the open for all teachers to see.
Several times I’ve asked the UTD and my own principal to show me where at the MDCPS website is our VAM posted, but have never received an accurate answer. One would expect that at the Teacher Portal there would be a big bright banner stating “MDCPS VAM Equation” because I thought stakeholders are valued to the degree they are informed about decisions that affect them. Yet, when it comes to VAM I guess the district’s policy is the inverse of this logic; that teachers should be ignorant and left in the dark about the VAM, and this will make them feel “added value”? Are all Board members knowledgeable of the VAM, so that they can have meaningful discourses about it with their constituents?
If we “VAM unto others as we would have others VAM unto us”, then what kind of rubrics do we use with administration, district and state education leaders, and the legislators that make the mandates?
District administrators may feel this is unfair. Some might even admit to “uneasy feeling” of seeing their teachers get punished by the VAM (next year when all the finalities of SB 736 are implemented, teachers could see smaller pay for lower VAM), yet with no consequence to themselves. Though, if students do poorly because of poor teachers (though research says that that is only 14% true), then poor teachers reflect poor administration? Though administrators are never “vammed”?
Administrators, local and district, may complain that variables beyond your control should not be the reason for you lower paycheck under a Administrator-VAM statistic, but sorry no double standard. District leaders may grumble that FL DOE leaders, or FL legislators, made choices that negatively affect their performance at the district level. Well, so, should you not be held accountable anyway? Should there not be a VAM to unfairly punish you, as the one being used for teachers? FL DOE leaders may blame the federal government for poor funding, bad curriculum mandates, unsound/invalid pedagogic assessment models, and whine that getting smaller paychecks is unfair.
After all, should we not all just blame the President? No, of course not, individuals should and must be held accountable for producing excellent products; the “buck must stop somewhere”, agreed. Yet, why does it stop at the teachers? Why are we the only ones who will have a part of our paycheck tied to a VAM statistic? Why not leaders too? Why not parents too? Hey, why not penalize the future salaries of students who deliberately choose not to learn with a student-VAM?
But no, we, the teachers, will take all the blame for failing students (not even the parents get blamed) without any accountability (tied to salary) for our leaders? We are flattered that you leaders believe we have that kind of power in the classroom; that we can lead the horse to water and make it drink; that we can plan and cook the meal and make someone eat it too.
How we wish, as teachers, the assimilation of knowledge was so easy; that all our input equated to student output, but we all know this is false.
Does not Maslow’s hierarchy of needs teach us that no student will self-actualize and desire to learn for the delayed future reward of a good job, or the “love of learning”, whose underlying primary needs of love, support and home-life are not robustly provided. Students today, in general, come into the classroom with so much “baggage” (ex. uncertainty of family support after 2 divorces, abusive authorities, excessive premarital sex, an Internet that exposes them to less-than-desirable behaviors, having some of the adults they used to look up to disappoint them, being bombarded with inane, vain and useless internet entertainment, etc.).
So, teachers are expected to produce a superior product in spite of the defects in the raw materials that enter the classroom? As a chemistry teacher I believe I can help the student (ore) refine itself, and will do so with all my passion, but I cannot do alchemy; I cannot make efficacious teaching and learning happen when the ore is unwilling to be refined.
Do we even teach and test on the affective domain of hard work, perseverance, diligence, honesty, self-sacrifice, altruism, grace, mercy and self-control? Yet, are not there variables as important (if not more) to being successful in the real world, and are what most employers are looking for (not just cognitive potential)? Yet, our VAMs never consider these variables, and therefore are limited in their predictive power!
Did our test-metric-engineers forget about the maxim: not all that counts matters, not all that matters can be counted, not everything counted has value, and not everything of value may be counted?
After all, what do test scores prove, if not nothing more than having good test-taking skills (ex. cramming to fill short-term memory and organized mental-schema that help one store and access data). Research shows time and again that there is very little transfer of knowledge, or skills, across content areas in high school students because their underlying knowledge base and mental-schema are still in the developmental stages and have not had enough time and experience to make the deep and profound connections, that occur with more maturation and study.
We believe students should analyze and solve geometry proofs and logic-tests, hoping that it will transfer to their language arts classes, whereby they will be more able to deconstruct texts and analyze authors’ intent and purpose. Yet, research paints a picture that is more correlational than causational; students that can think, analyze and produce do so in most classes, regardless of the teaching strategy or assessments used. Which again, proves the goal of a good liberal-arts pedagogy of “teaching students how to think, not what to think”. “How to think curriculum” is more messy and sticky; it requires long-term studies and research, interdisciplinary explorations and teacher collaborations; it is not so neat and easy as teaching a “what to think” class with an EOC. Yet, how-to-think skills are used more in the real world, than the short-term (shallow measure) memory skills of EOC tests and the curriculums determined by them. After all, if a test goes into VAM, and VAM affects paycheck, then teacher will more likely “teach to the test”, and the overall quality of education will suffer…..duh!
In the end of it all, the Big-Picture, I always point out to my students the “Graph of School Predictions”, where the Predictors go on the X-axis (ex. GPA, AP classes taken, AP exams passed, FCAT scores, etc.) and Criterions go on the Y-axis (ex. future socio-economic class, contribution to the GDP, “being a prepared and responsible citizen”, “self-value/actualization/fulfillment”, etc.). Then, I point out that there is little, to none, long-term research and data to show that there is a positive correlation between predictors and criterion. We assume students with higher GPA will make a greater contribution to the nation’s GDP, but where is the convincing data. What about the outliers (if the real pattern is even known), like the Una-Bomber, who probably scored high in school, but was very-low in life?
In the Big-Picture, 90% of my chemistry students will forget 90% of the content on an EOC within 9 months, unless they restudy it because they take college chemistry. That can be said of most classes; unless the content is repeated and restudied (and then “permanently” assimilated), the learning was just temporary (and any short-term measure of it, ex. EOC: end-of-course exams) and has little to no effect and/or value in one’s adult life and career choice. So, why do we make such a big deal of EOC in high school, when they don’t even do this in college? If our tests have little power/significance in preparing, or predicting, success in the adult-life, then why are they such an important term in the VAM metric? Previous generations never suffered through all this testing, and teachers never scrutinized by VAMs, and yet the high school graduates of the 50s-80s were well prepared for college. So, what happened to the mantra: “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”?
So…..
Dear Superintendent, if we are going to get smaller paychecks because of an unjust VAM statistic, then why does it not work the other way? Why not divide up the money won for the Broad Award (or all other awards for education) and share the winnings with your teachers? Though, we might feel guilty because if we do get higher wages because of VAM incentives, then should we not share some of that with our students. For they, after all, were the ones performing on the tests. Just where does “the buck stop” or the reward end? Should some merit-pay go back to the families (their love, support, concern and accountability) that are the number one predictor of student success?
Mr. Governor, should not a proportion of your salary also be tied to student test scores? Is not the principle “a servant is not greater than their master” be applied to you? If we fail in the classroom, then your leadership must have something to do with it? Of course, the families never get any blame?
Mr. Scott if the FL GDP does not rise during your tenure, should not your salary be impacted? You may complain that federal policy has tied your hands. Well, do you now empathize with how teachers’ input is limited? Teachers strive for excellence, in spite of many of the socio-cultural variables that inhibit learning (ex. multiple divorces, inane and excessive entertainment medias, etc.). So, please treat us with knowledge and respect we deserve, and therefore drop VAM policies. If you disagree, then please have some statistician write a FL Governor VAM metric (and load it with variables you have no control over, ex. Senate bills passed) and then you might be more able to empathize with teachers.
Dear FL State Legislators, you approved VAM, so then apply it to yourselves. 50% of your pay should be based on the number of bills your author, and that PASS the legislature. We don’t care how hard you work, how many joules of energy you expend, or the product/profit you produce. No, we only care if your bills get passed (metaphor for test scores). Oh, but you will complain that the rate of bills passed is due to variables beyond your control. So, deal with it; suck it up and be treated in the same way you want to treat your teachers.
Florida public servants, ex. Firefighters and Police, should there be a VAM for you too. Should your evaluations, and part of your salary, be based on actual crimes caught, or those that were prevented? Is it the fires you put out, or your daily service to the community, that matters? If you do a good job and crime rates drop, and there are less crimes to catch, then should your VAM score get lower and paycheck too?
I think we all see the fallacy of “product-only” VAM measures, that take no account of the daily service and commitment of the worker (ignore all “process related” activities). If only test scores matter in my VAM, then why should I even care about collaborating with my peers, helping set up labs for the science department, leading local trainings and peer mentoring, writing curriculum and seeking best practices (if they have no influence on an EOC exam)? Why go the “extra mile” in my daily teaching, when all FL cares about is the “one-inch” of test data.
If one really considers the possible implications of a “dog eat dog” competitive environment of teaching to VAM tests, where teachers only care about their own students’ performances, and nothing else (since a significant part of their salary is at stake), education will become a bleak and barren wasteland of test-obsessed pedagogy, diminished in real and diverse learning and low in any true cognitive stimulation.
So, to all leaders who are unwilling to have a VAM equations applied to their own salary, STOP the hypocrisy and join us in a more just and equitable society. Be willing to walk in our shoes, before you arrogantly and pretentiously tell us how they should be worn.
Mr. Rick Lapworth
Science Teacher, Felix Varela High School
15255 SW 96 St, Miami, FL 33196
Ed.S., NBCT 1999-2019
305-752-7900, x 3259, rm 259
Fax: 305-386-8987
LikeLike
It’s not about accountability, teaching or learning — it’s about control.
LikeLike
This selection is exactly right. Accountability is a word that sounds good in an argument. I remember having this argument with an administrator of sorts years ago before all this stuff started. When I suggested autonomy for teachers as a way to get an education upgrade, he rejoined that there was no accountability in such a suggestion. When I suggested that there was actually no such thing as accountability, he was absolutely bewildered.
This all came from Dr. Bloom and his taxonomy. You cannot corral learning into domains of statements. There are not things that we learn called standards. Learning is way more than that. It is holy. It is spiritual. It is the thing that makes us human. It is the thing that makes us cry when certain notes are blended or when certain words describe a thought so perfectly. No one can put learning in a head catch and milk it, and measure it in pounds. It is too lofty. Practitioners of learning should be in awe of the process, not bound by it.
Want to test my students? Go and find them when they are eighty years old as see if they almost cry when they read of the plight of the Northern Cheyenne or when they hear a Mozart concerto. Go find out if they have continued to expand their horizons. This is real accountability.
LikeLike
AMEN, great musings and truths. I respected my grad-professor in stats, who had on his office door the axiom, “not everything of value can be measured, and much of what we measure has no value”.
LikeLike
Speaking of accountability, what ever happened to classes in ethics, logic, comparative philosophy or religion? Has the fear of the ACLU or the liberal dribble that “teaching morality involves religion” weakened our vision that decency and integrity are virtues? I don’t just want my students to be prepared to be engineers, but to never divorce their wives, avoid addictions, love their children, care for the poor and disenfanchised, speak out and confront oppression and oppressors, etc.. What good is it if they have a 4.0 GPA and end up as a seflish hedonist and materialist. leaving a wake of morally bad choices and costly consequences (like Trump, though he was no 4.0, unless dad paid for his grades)?
LikeLike
With any talk of standardized testing, I recall an article written by poet Sara Holbrook whose poem was included in one of the STAAR tests (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/standardized-tests-are-so-bad-i-cant-answer-these_us_586d5517e4b0c3539e80c341) She attempts to answer the questions on the test and provide a hilarious stream of consciousness about which answer is correct.
The problem with the STAAR testing, or any other test similar in structure, importance, length, etc. is that they are so decontextualized. In addition, as one retired teacher commented above in the responses on February 22, 2017 at 11:17 am, some schools and students focus only on how to ‘game the system’. This shows how little the students actually care about the material, and only want to know how to do well on it, for the sake of the results, not for the sake of learning.
One teacher told me she has never directly prepared her students for the STAAR test since what they are doing throughout the year is what is supposed to help them. She teaches them to critically think and analyze which is what they actually need to know. In addition, when I was in high school, students were told that on the SAT that if you answered a question incorrectly, you would lose a fraction of a point, but if you left it blank, then you wouldn’t be marked down. This is just another example of how some students were ‘gaming the system’ and those who were told this trick were often able to perform better than other students who tried to answer every question.
LikeLike