After the disputed 2000 election, Congress established a national commission to review the voting process and make recommendations for change. The commission was co-chaired by former presidents Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford. I was a member of the commission. We held four meetings, one in each region of the country. We discussed requirements for voting, mail-in voting, removing barriers to voting, and the mechanics of voting.

Everyone was keenly aware of the “hanging chads” in Florida. We discussed such questions as: How could voting be secure, how could all votes be accurately counted, how could more options be available to encourage voting?

We reviewed the evidence for different types of voting machines. I recall that the most reliable of all machines was the old-fashioned pull-the-lever machine used in New York for decades. It counted every vote, made no mistakes, and was reliable. And, it could not be hacked. However, this voting machine was considered obsolete because it was not electronic. The company that made it was phasing it out.

All the other choices, other than handwritten ballots, were electronic machines. They were reliable if everything went well but subject to malfunctions, and of course, to hacking.

All such concerns were brushed aside, and the commission recommended modernizing the voting machines to avoid hanging chads and indistinct marks on ballots. Now many states and districts use touch-screen technology.

Now we confront a danger that was not imagined in 2001: what if the Russians hack into our election machines?

How will we know that the results are real? Will Putin choose our next president?